Opponents of same-sex marriage in the United States

Opponents of same-sex marriage in the United States
Main article: Same-sex marriage in the United States

Opponents of same-sex marriage in the United States include organizations and individuals who seek to prevent or reverse the legalization of same-sex marriage. Opponents of same-sex marriage have introduced federal[1] and state legislation seeking to define marriage as the union of one man and one woman,[2][3] and have added language prohibiting same-sex marriage to state constitutions.[4]

Contents

Background

In 1993, the Supreme Court of Hawaii ruled in Baehr v. Lewin, 852 P.2d 44 (Haw. 1993), that refusing to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples was sex-discrimination under that state's constitution.[5] In response to concerns about same-sex marriage being legalized in other states, the federal Defense of Marriage Act was passed in 1996. In addition, Hawaiian voters passed Hawaii Constitutional Amendment 2 in 1998.[6]

In the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court's November 2003 decision in Goodridge v. Department of Public Health, same-sex marriage was legalized in Massachusetts, which was the first time a state supreme court had made such a ruling[7] and made it the first state to permit such marriages. Social and religious conservatives feared that their own state supreme courts would issue such rulings at some point in the future; in order to prevent this, they proposed additional constitutional bans on same-sex marriage,[8] as well as statutory provisions limiting marriage to the union of one man and one woman. In 2004, eleven "marriage protection amendment" referenda were placed on state ballots.[9]

Supporters of same-sex marriage in the United States have sought to introduce laws to permit civil marriage between two individuals of the same sex, and have brought lawsuits challenging laws that define marriage as a relationship between one man and one woman.[10] Efforts by President George W. Bush and others to pass a Federal Marriage Amendment during the first decade of the twenty-first century were unsuccessful. As of January 2010, 29 states had state "constitutional amendments restricting marriage to one man and one woman", while 12 others had laws "restricting marriage to one man and one woman".[11]

Arguments against same-sex marriage

Most arguments used by opponents of same-sex marriage are based on religious grounds.[12][13] U.S. Roman Catholic bishops contend that "a same-sex union contradicts the nature of marriage: It is not based on the natural complementarity of male and female; it cannot cooperate with God to create new life; and the natural purpose of sexual union cannot be achieved by a same-sex union. Persons in same-sex unions cannot enter into a true conjugal union. Therefore, it is wrong to equate their relationship to a marriage."[14] The Southern Baptist Convention claims that extending marriage rights to same-sex couples would undercut the conventional purpose of marriage.[15] Other religious opponents of same-sex marriage hold that same-sex relationships should not be recognized as marriages on the grounds that same-gender sexual activity is contrary to God's will,[16] is unnatural,[17] and subverts God's creative intent for human sexuality.[18]

Some same-sex marriage opponents raise parenting concerns; they argue that having and raising children is the underlying purpose of marriage, that homosexual unions implicitly lack the ability of heterosexual couples to produce and raise offspring by natural means, that children raised by same-sex partners are disadvantaged in various ways,[19] and that homosexual unions thus cannot be recognized within the scope of "marriage". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, the Southern Baptist Convention, and National Organization for Marriage argue that children do best when raised by a mother and father, and that legalizing same-sex marriage is, therefore, contrary to the best interests of children.[14][20][21][22][23]

Political parties and candidates

National

The Republican Party’s 2008 platform supports a ban on same-sex marriage through a federal constitutional amendment, along with state constitutional amendments banning same-sex marriage and the Defense of Marriage Act.[24]

All four major candidates for president and vice-president in the 2008 general election were opposed to same-sex marriage.[25] This list includes President Barack Obama, who has stated that "I believe that marriage is the union between a man and a woman. For me as a Christian, it is a sacred union. You know, God is in the mix."[26] Notably, however, President Obama also "supports full civil unions and federal rights for LGBT couples",[27] opposed the passage of Proposition 8 in California, and plans to repeal the federal Defense of Marriage Act.[28] In late 2010, President Obama hinted that his views on this issue may be changing.[29]

Elected officials

President

  • Barack Obama[30] (D-Illinois, stated support for same-sex marriage in 1996,[31] but later stated opposition to marriage[26] in favor of civil unions;[32] says his viewpoints are "evolving".[32])

Former Presidents

Governors

Former Governors

U.S. Senators

Former Senators

Members of the U.S. House of Representatives

[112]

Former U.S. Representatives

  • Wayne Allard (R-CO4)
  • George Allen (R-VA7)
  • J. Gresham Barrett (R-SC3, 2003-2011)
  • Roy Blunt (R-MO7)
  • John Boozman (R-AR3)
  • Ginny Brown-Waite (R-FL5)
  • Jim Bunning (R-KY4)
  • Richard Burr (R-NC5)
  • Robert Byrd (D-WV6)
  • Saxby Chambliss (R-GA8)
  • Dan Coats (R-IN4)
  • Tom Coburn (R-OK2)
  • Thad Cochran (R-MS4)
  • Larry Craig (R-ID1)
  • Mike Crapo (R-ID2)
  • Philip M. Crane (R-IL8)
  • Lincoln Davis (D-TN4)
  • Nathan Deal (R-GA9)
  • Jim DeMint (R-SC4)
  • Mike DeWine (R-OH7)
  • John Ensign (R-NV1)
  • Mary Fallin (R-OK5)
  • Newt Gingrich (R-GA6, 1979-1999)[116]
  • Lindsey Graham (R-SC3)
  • Chuck Grassley (R-IO3)
  • Peter Hoekstra (R-MI2)
  • Duncan Hunter (R-CA52)
  • Jim Inhofe (R-OK1)
  • Johnny Isakson (R-GA6)
  • Bobby Jindal (R-LA1)
  • John Kasich (R-OH12)
  • Jon Kyl (R-AZ4)
  • Trent Lott (R-MS5)
  • Jim Marshall (D-GA3)
  • John McCain (R-AZ1)
  • Jerry Moran (R-KS1)
  • Marilyn Musgrave[117] (R-CO4)
  • Rob Portman (R-OH2)
  • Adam H. Putnam (R-FL12)
  • George Radanovich (R-CA19)
  • Tom Ridge (R-PA21)
  • Bob Riley (R-AL3)
  • Pat Roberts (R-KS1)
  • Rick Santorum (R-PA18)
  • John B. Shadegg (R-AZ3)
  • Richard Shelby (R-AL7)
  • Jim Talent (R-MO2)
  • Gene Taylor (D-MS4)
  • Craig Thomas (R-WY)
  • John Thune (R-SD)
  • Todd Tiahrt (R-KS4)
  • Pat Toomey (R-PA15)
  • David Vitter (R-LA1)
  • Zach Wamp (R-TN3)
  • J. C. Watts[118] (R-OK4)
  • Roger Wicker (R-MS1)

Other notable elected officials

New York

  • Senator Rubén Díaz, Sr.[119] (D-32)

Rhode Island

Organizations

See also

References

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  4. ^ A Contentious Debate: Same-Sex Marriage in the U.S. - Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life
  5. ^ "Special Report: 'I do'" Honolulu Star-Bulletin January 22, 1997
  6. ^ Pew Forum: Gay Marriage Timeline
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  10. ^ State By State: The Legal Battle Over Gay Marriage : NPR
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  13. ^ The Family: A Proclamation to the World
  14. ^ a b Usccb - (Flwy)
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  23. ^ 38th PARLIAMENT, 1st SESSION Legislative Committee on Bill C-38
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v · d · eSame-sex unions in the United States
Main articles: State constitutional amendments banning (List by type) - Public opinion (Opponents - List of supporters) - Status by state (Law - Legislation) - Municipal domestic partnership registries
Same-sex marriage legalized:
Same-sex marriage recognized,
but not performed:
Civil union or domestic partnership legal:
Same-sex marriage prohibited by statute:
Delaware - Hawaii - Illinois - Indiana - Maine - Maryland - Minnesota - North Carolina - Pennsylvania - Puerto Rico - Washington - West Virginia - Wyoming
Same-sex marriage prohibited
by constitutional amendment:
Alaska - Arizona - California# - Colorado - Mississippi - Missouri - Montana - Nevada - Oregon - Tennessee
All types of same-sex unions prohibited
by constitutional amendment:
Alabama - Arkansas - Florida - Georgia - Idaho - Kansas - Kentucky - Louisiana - Michigan - Nebraska - North Dakota - Ohio - Oklahoma - South Carolina - South Dakota - Texas - Utah - Virginia - Wisconsin
Recognition of same-sex unions undefined
by statute or constitutional amendment:
American Samoa - Guam - New Mexico
Notes:
*All out-of-state same-sex marriages are given the benefits of marriage under California law, although only those performed before November 5, 2008 are granted the designation "marriage".
# California's ban on same-sex marriage remains in limbo following a federal case finding the ban unconstitutional, which is stayed pending appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit.

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