Orders of magnitude (voltage)

Orders of magnitude (voltage)

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various voltage levels.

Factor (volt) Value Item
10−7 0.5 μV Change in nerve cell potential caused by opening a single acetylcholine receptor channel[1]
10−6 2 μV Noise in an EEG taken at the scalp[2]
10−5 10-100 μV Peak-to-peak amplitude of an average EEG taken at the scalp[3][2]
10−4 0.5-1 mV Miniature endplate potentials, spontaneous fluctuations in neuron potentials[1]
10−3    
10−2 ~10-50 mV Ripple voltage in the output of a good DC power supply[4]
75 mV Nerve cell resting potential[5]
10−1 0.32 V Typical voltage reference level in consumer audio electronics (0.316 V rms)[6]
~0.5 V Typical MOSFET threshold voltage for modern processes[citation needed]
~0.7 V Forward voltage drop of normal silicon diodes[7]
0.8-1.0 V Typical positive supply voltage of a FET[citation needed]
0.9 V Voltage of a lemon battery (made with copper and zinc electrodes)[8]
100 0-3 V Magnitudes of standard reduction potentials in chemistry[9]
1.5 V Voltage produced by an alkaline AA, AAA, C or D battery[10]
5 V Voltage provided by USB when used as a power source, for example to charge a cell phone or a digital camera[11]
6 V A common voltage for medium-size electric lanterns.[12] A voltage for older electric systems of automobiles.
101 12 V Voltage produced by a typical car battery[13]
102 110–240 V Voltage provided by domestic wall socket power[14]
630 V Voltage used in London Underground railway tracks[15]
103 2450 V Voltage used to execute criminals in the electric chair in Nebraska[16]
3–10 kV Voltage of an electric fence[17]
3–35 kV Accelerating voltage for a typical television cathode ray tube[18]
3300 V Common early urban distribution voltage for grid electricity in the UK[citation needed] (still used for many industrial overhead cable distribution systems)[19]
4160-34500 V Typical voltages in North America for distribution of power from distribution substations to end users[20]
104 25 kV European high-speed train overhead power lines[21]
69-230 kV Voltage range used in North American power high-voltage transmission substations[20]
105 345-800 kV Voltage range used in EHV power transmission systems[22]
800 kV Lowest voltage used by ultra-high voltage (UHV) power transmission systems[23]
106 3 MV Voltage used by the ultra-high voltage electron microscope at Osaka University[24]
107 25.5 MV The largest man-made voltage - produced in a Van de Graaff generator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory[25]
108 100 MV The potential difference between the ends of a typical lightning bolt[26]
1015 7 PV Voltage around a particular energetic highly magnetized rotating neutron star[27]

Notes

  1. ^ a b "Synaptic transmission". NeuroWiki. Congress of Neurological Surgeons. http://wiki.cns.org/wiki/index.php/Synaptic_transmission. Retrieved 29 October 2011. 
  2. ^ a b Epstein, Charles M.. "Home built EEG". http://www.bio.net/bionet/mm/neur-sci/1994-August/014650.html. Retrieved 1 November 2011. 
  3. ^ Ernst Neidermeyer (1999). "9. The Normal EEG of the Waking Adult". In Niedermeyer, Ernst; Lopes da Silva, F. (PDF). Electroencephalography: basic principles, clinical applications, and related (4th ed.). pp. 149-173. ISBN 0683302841. http://www.ccs.fau.edu/~bressler/EDU/NSP/References/Niedermeyer_1999.pdf. Retrieved 1 November 2011. "The amplitudes of the scalp EEG are markedly reduced and lie between 10 and 100 μV" 
  4. ^ "DC Power Supply Specifications". Radio-Electronics.Com. http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/power-management/dc-power-supply/specifications.php. Retrieved 10 November 2011. "Most good supplies should offer noise and ripple figures of better than 10 mV rms and for switching supplies figures of 50mV or less should be achievable" 
  5. ^ Bullock, Orkand, and Grinnell, pp. 150–151; Junge, pp. 89–90; Schmidt-Nielsen, p. 484
  6. ^ "Pro Audio Reference D". Rane Professional Audio Products. http://www.rane.com/par-d.html. Retrieved 10 November 2011. "-10 dBV Standard voltage reference level for consumer and some pro audio use" 
  7. ^ "Diodes". The Electronics Club. http://www.kpsec.freeuk.com/components/diode.htm. Retrieved 11 November 2011. "about 0.7V for all normal diodes which are made from silicon" 
  8. ^ "Lemon Battery". Hila Science Camp. http://hilaroad.com/camp/projects/lemon/lemon_battery.html. Retrieved 11 November 2011. 
  9. ^ Nave, Rod. "Standard Electrode Potentials in Aqueous Solution at 25°C". HyperPhysics. Georgia State University. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/tables/electpot.html#c1. Retrieved 1 November 2011. 
  10. ^ David Linden, Thomas B. Reddy (ed). Handbook of Batteries, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 2002 ISBN 0-07-135978-8 chapter 4
  11. ^ "About USB-IF". USB Implementers Forum, Inc.. http://www.usb.org/about. Retrieved 2009-11-04. 
  12. ^ Eveready Battery Company. "EVR-1209 Engineering Data". http://www.batteryspecialist.com/Merchant2/energizer/1209.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-15. 
  13. ^ Horst Bauer Bosch Automotive Handbook 4th Edition Robert Bosch GmbH, Stuttgart 1996 ISBN 0-8376-0333-1, pages 803-807
  14. ^ Electric current abroad
  15. ^ "8. London Underground Facts and Figures". [uk.transport.london] Frequently Asked Questions. http://www.faqs.org/faqs/uk/transport-london/section-7.html. Retrieved 1 November 2011. 
  16. ^ "Electrocution protocol questioned". Lincoln Journal Star. http://journalstar.com/news/local/article_96b72d77-1363-5369-a490-3a37210ee6b7.html. Retrieved 29 October 2011. 
  17. ^ "Electric Fencing for Pastured Livestock" (PDF). Soil & Crop Improvement Association of Nova Scotia. http://www.scians.org/documents/factsheets/91eb2ec43bb177b37a19a362f0e6963af30aa9cc.pdf. Retrieved 1 November 2011. 
  18. ^ "Voltage of a Television Picture Tube". The Physics Factbook. http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2000/MichelleHong.shtml. Retrieved 29 October 2011. 
  19. ^ Isle of Man power distribution.
  20. ^ a b "Electric Power eTool: Illustrated Glossary: Substations". Occupational Safety and Health Administration. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/substation.html. Retrieved 1 November 2011. 
  21. ^ Caltrain-Electrification Project
  22. ^ "Definitions: E". Bonneville Power Administration. http://www.bpa.gov/corporate/pubs/definitions/e.cfm#extrahighvoltage. Retrieved 1 November 2011. 
  23. ^ "Definitions: TUV". Bonneville Power Administration. http://www.bpa.gov/corporate/pubs/definitions/tuv.cfm. Retrieved 1 November 2011. 
  24. ^ Features of 3 MV Ultrahigh voltage electron microscope
  25. ^ http://www.osti.gov/bridge/purl.cover.jsp?purl=/6446725-T101Ai Oak Ridge Physics Division progress report for period ending September 30, 1988
  26. ^ "Voltage of a Lightning Bolt". The Physics Factbook. http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1998/MathieuLo.shtml. Retrieved 29 October 2011. 
  27. ^ "Chandra Examines a Quadrillion-Volt Pulsar". Chandra X-ray Observatory Center. September 6, 2001. http://chandra.harvard.edu/press/01_releases/press_090601g320.html. Retrieved 7 March 2010. 

External links

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