Orthoceratoidea

Orthoceratoidea Temporal range: Lower Ordovician–Triassic PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Cephalopoda
Subclass:	Nautiloidea
Superorder:	Orthoceratoidea Wade, 1988

The Orthoceratoidea is a superorder (Wade 1988), sometimes considered an infraclass or even a subclass, that comprizes nautiloid orders that have orthoconic to slightly cyrtoconic shells and central to subcentral siphuncles in which there may be internal deposits. Orders include the Orthocerida, Pseudorthocerida, and Ascocerida.

Taxonomy

The Orthoceratiodea is one of six superorders within the Nautiloidea, the others being the Plectronoceratoidea (=Ellesmeroceratoidea of some) from which the others are derived, the Endoceratoidea, Actinoceratoidea, Discosoratoidea, and Nautilitoidea.

Some classifications (e.g. Kröger 2008, Teichert 19880 separate orthoceratoids, endocerids and actinocerids as co-equal taxa to the Nautiloidea, which becomes much reduced in scope. Wade (1988) instead proposed separating the Nautiloidea in to phylogenetically related superorders while retaining the basic concept of the subclass; externally shelled cephalopods with simple concave septa and retrochoanitic siphuncles from which the convexly septate Ammonoidea with prochoanitic siphuncles are distinguished.

In Kröger 2008, Orthoceratoidea is used as a subclass, referring to McCoy (1844), revising his (Kröger 2004) perception of the Order Orthocerida Kuhn (1940) as part of the Nautiloidea, in the sense of Sweet 1964 in the Treatise.

In the classification of Teichert (1988) the subclass Orthoceratoidea is expanded to include the orders found in the Plectronoceratoidea and Orthoceratoidea of Wade (1988)combining forms with thick-ringed ventral siphuncles with those with thin-ringed central siphuncles.

The Orthoceratoidea in Kröger (2008) includes the Orthocerida, Ascocerida, Pseudorthocerda as in Wade (1988) plus the Dissidocerida and Lituitida. The Lituitida, or Lituitiae, has been shown to have evolved from within the Tarphycerida by a straightening of the adult shell, a common character of many tarphycerids. The Dissidocerida, separated from the Orthocerida by Zhuravleva (1964) includes the Troedssonellidae and two small monogeneric orders, the Polymeridae and Rangeroceratidae, both established by Evans (2005).

References

• Flower 1950 in Flower and Kummel 1950, A Classification of the Nautiloidea; Journal of Paleontology 24(5):604-616, Sept 1950
• Kroger 2008, Brief Report, A new genus of middle Tremadocian orthoceratoids and the Early Ordovician origin of orthoceratoid cephalopods; Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53 (4): 745–749, 2008
• Kroger 2004, Revision of Middle Ordovician orthoceratacean nautiloids from Baltoscandia; Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49 (1): 57–74.
• Stanley & Techert 1976; Lamellorthoceratida (Cephalopoda, Orthoceratoidea) from the LOwer Devonian of New York; the University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions, Nov.12, 1976, Paper 86.
• Sweet, W..C. 1964. Nautiloidea- Orthocerida; Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part K, Teichert and Moore (eds) Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press.
• Teichert C, 1988, Main Features of Cephalopod Evolution, Ch 2 in The Mollusca Vol 12 Paleontology and Neontology of Cephalopods, Clarke & Trueman (eds) Academic Press.
• Wade, M 1988. Nautiloids and their descendants: cephalopod classification in 1986; New Mexico Bureau of Mines & Mineral Resources Memoir 44, Oct 1988 :15-25.