Outline of Peru

The Flag of Peru		The Coat of arms of Peru

An enlargeable map of the Republic of Peru

See also: Index of Peru-related articles

The Republic of Peru is a sovereign country located in western South America.^[1] Peru is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

Peruvian territory was home to the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, and to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.

Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a medium Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 40%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.

The Peruvian population, estimated at 28 million, is multiethnic, including Amerindians, Europeans, Africans and Asians. The main spoken language is Spanish, although a significant number of Peruvians speak Quechua or other native languages. This mixture of cultural traditions has resulted in a wide diversity of expressions in fields such as art, cuisine, literature, and music.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Peru:

General reference

An enlargeable relief map of Peru

• Pronunciation:
• Common English country name: Peru
• Official English country name: The Republic of Peru
• Common endonym(s):
• Official endonym(s):
• Adjectival(s): Peruvian
• Demonym(s):
• Etymology: Name of Peru
• International rankings of Peru
• ISO country codes: PE, PER, 604
• ISO region codes: See ISO 3166-2:PE
• Internet country code top-level domain: .pe

Geography of Peru

An enlargeable topographic map of Peru

Main article: Geography of Peru

• Peru is: a country
• Location:
  • Southern Hemisphere
  • Western Hemisphere
    • Americas
      • Latin America
        • South America
  • Time in Peru
    • Time zone: UTC-05
  • Extreme points of Peru
    • High: Huascarán 6,768 m (22,205 ft) – highest point in the Tropics
    • Low: South Pacific Ocean 0 m
  • Land boundaries: 7,461 km

 Brazil 2,995 km

 Colombia 1,800 km

 Ecuador 1,420 km

 Bolivia 1,075 km

 Chile 171 km

• Coastline: South Pacific Ocean 2,414 km

• Population of Peru: 28,750,770 (June 30, 2007) - 40th most populous country
• Area of Peru: 1,285,220 km² (496,230 sq mi) - 20th largest country
• Atlas of Peru

Environment of Peru

An enlargeable satellite image of Peru

Main article: Environment of Peru

• Climate of Peru
• Environmental issues in Peru
• Ecoregions in Peru
• Renewable energy in Peru
• Geology of Peru
  • Earthquakes in Peru
• Natural regions of Peru
• Protected areas of Peru
  • Biosphere reserves in Peru
  • National parks of Peru
• Wildlife of Peru
  • Flora of Peru
  • Fauna of Peru
    • Birds of Peru
    • Mammals of Peru

Natural geographic features of Peru

Main article: Landforms of Peru

• Fjords of Peru
• Glaciers of Peru
• Islands of Peru
• Lakes of Peru
• Mountains of Peru
  • Volcanoes in Peru
• Peru-Chile Trench
• Rivers of Peru
  • Waterfalls of Peru
• Valleys of Peru
• World Heritage Sites in Peru

Regions of Peru

Ecoregions of Peru

Main articles: List of ecoregions in Peru and Ecoregions in Peru

Administrative divisions of Peru

Main article: Administrative divisions of Peru

• Regions of Peru
  • Provinces of Peru
    • Districts of Peru
      • Populated centers of Peru
  • Former regions of Peru
• Municipalities of Peru

Regions of Peru

Main article: Regions of Peru

Peru is divided into 25 regions and the province of Lima.

Ama
zonas

Ancash

Apurímac

Arequipa

Ayacucho

Caja
marca

Cusco

Huánuco

Huanca
velica

Ica

Junín

La Libertad

Lamba
yeque

Lima

Lima
Province

Callao

Loreto

Madre de Dios

Moquegua

Pasco

Piura

Puno

Tacna

Tumbes

San
Martín

Ucayali

Clickable map of the regions of Peru.

Amazonas Ancash Apurímac Arequipa Ayacucho Cajamarca Callao Cusco Huancavelica Huánuco Ica Junín La Libertad

Lambayeque Lima Loreto Madre de Dios Moquegua Pasco Piura Puno San Martín Tacna Tumbes Ucayali Lima Province

Provinces of Peru

Main article: Provinces of Peru

Districts of Peru

Main article: Districts of Peru

Municipalities of Peru

Main article: Municipalities of Peru

• Capital of Peru: Lima
• Cities of Peru

Demography of Peru

Main article: Demographics of Peru

Neighbours of Peru

Peru is bordered by:

• Bolivia
• Brazil
• Chile
• Colombia
• Ecuador

Government and politics of Peru

Main article: Government of Peru and Politics of Peru

• Form of government: presidential representative democratic republic
• Capital of Peru: Lima
• Census in Peru
• Communism in Peru
• Decentralization process in Peru
• Elections in Peru
  • Peruvian electoral system
    • Voting in Peru is cumpulsory
  • Peruvian presidential elections:   1895 - 1899 - 2000 - 2001 - 2006 - 2011
  • Peruvian parliamentary elections:   1978 - 1992 - 2000 - 2001 - 2006 - 2011
• Liberalism in Peru
• Political parties in Peru
• 2009 Peruvian political crisis
• Political scandals of Peru
• Taxation in Peru

Branches of the government of Peru

Main article: Government of Peru

Executive branch of the government of Peru

• Head of state: President of Peru, Alan García
  • Vice Presidents of Peru (Peru has 2)
• Head of government: Prime Minister of Peru, Yehude Simon
• Cabinet: Council of Ministers of Peru
• Ministries of Peru
  • Ministry of Agriculture of Peru
  • Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru
  • Ministry of Defense of Peru
  • Ministry of Education of Peru
  • Ministry of Energy and Mines of Peru
  • Ministry of Environment of Peru
  • Ministry of Foreign Commerce and Tourism of Peru
  • Ministry of Foreign Relations of Peru
  • Ministry of Health of Peru
  • Ministry of Housing, Construction and Sanitation of Peru
  • Ministry of the Interior of Peru
  • Ministry of Justice of Peru
  • Ministry of Labor and Promotion of Employment of Peru
  • Ministry of Production of Peru
  • Ministry of Transportation and Communication of Perú
  • Ministry of Women and Social Development of Peru

Legislative branch of the government of Peru

• Congress of Peru (unicameral)
  • Members of Congress

Judicial branch of the government of Peru

Main article: Judicial system of Peru

• Constitutional Court of Peru - interprets the constitution on matters of individual rights
• Supreme Court of Peru - located in the Palace of Justice
  • Superior Courts of Justice of Peru preside over the Judicial Districts of Peru
    • Courts of First Instance of Peru hold jurisdiction over each province
      • Courts of Peace of Peru each have jurisdiction over a single district

Foreign relations of Peru

Main article: Foreign relations of Peru

• Diplomatic missions in Peru
• Diplomatic missions of Peru
• Chile–Peru relations

International organization membership

The Republic of Peru is a member of:^[1]

Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) Andean Community of Nations (CAN) Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Group of 15 (G15) Group of 24 (G24) Group of 77 (G77) Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) International Criminal Court (ICCt) International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) International Development Association (IDA) International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS) International Finance Corporation (IFC) International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) International Labour Organization (ILO) International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Mobile Satellite Organization (IMSO) International Monetary Fund (IMF) International Olympic Committee (IOC) International Organization for Migration (IOM) International Organization for Standardization (ISO) International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (ICRM) International Telecommunication Union (ITU) International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (ITSO) International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU)

Latin American Economic System (LAES) Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) Nonaligned Movement (NAM) Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) Organization of American States (OAS) Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Rio Group (RG) Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur) (associate) Unión Latina Union of South American Nations (UNASUR) United Nations (UN) United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire (UNOCI) United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) Universal Postal Union (UPU) World Confederation of Labour (WCL) World Customs Organization (WCO) World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU) World Health Organization (WHO) World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) World Meteorological Organization (WMO) World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) World Trade Organization (WTO)

Law and order in Peru

Main article: Law of Peru

• Capital punishment in Peru
• Constitution of Peru
• Crime in Peru
  • Domestic violence in Peru
• Human rights in Peru
  • Abortion in Peru
  • LGBT rights in Peru
  • Freedom of religion in Peru
• Law enforcement in Peru
  • National Police of Peru
• Nationality law of Peru

Military of Peru

Main article: Military of Peru

• Command
  • Commander-in-chief:
    • Ministry of Defense of Peru
      • Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru
• Forces
  • Army of Peru
  • Navy of Peru
  • Air Force of Peru
  • Special forces of Peru
• Military history of Peru
• Military ranks of Peru

Local government in Peru

Main article: Local government in Peru

• Regional Governments of Peru

History of Peru

Main article: History of Peru, Timeline of the history of Peru, and Current events of Peru

By period

• Ancient civilizations of Peru
  • Cultural periods of Peru
• Inca Empire
• Spanish conquest of Peru
• Viceroyalty of Peru
• Peruvian War of Independence
• Guano era in Peru
• War of the Pacific
• Colombia-Peru War
• Ecuadorian-Peruvian war
• Internal conflict in Peru

By subject

• Agricultural history of Peru
• Demographic history of Peru
• Economic history of Peru
• Homosexuality in ancient Peru
• Military history of Peru

By type of event

• Massacres in Peru

Culture of Peru

Main article: Culture of Peru

• Architecture of Peru
• Cuisine of Peru
• Ethnic minorities in Peru
• Festivals in Peru
• Humor in Peru
• Languages of Peru
• Media in Peru
• Metrication in Peru
• National symbols of Peru
  • Coat of arms of Peru
  • Flag of Peru
  • National anthem of Peru
  • Cockade of Peru (unofficial national symbol)
• People of Peru
  • Indigenous peoples in Peru
• Prostitution in Peru
• Public holidays in Peru
• Records of Peru
• Scouting and Guiding in Peru
• Television in Peru
• World Heritage Sites in Peru

Art in Peru

• Art in Peru
• Cinema of Peru
• Literature of Peru
• Music of Peru
• Television in Peru
• Theatre in Peru

Religion in Peru

Main article: Religion in Peru

• Buddhism in Peru
• Christianity in Peru
  • Roman Catholicism in Peru
    • Roman Catholic dioceses in Peru
• Hinduism in Peru
• Islam in Peru
• Judaism in Peru
• Sikhism in Peru

Sports in Peru

Main article: Sports in Peru

• Football in Peru
  • Chile and Peru football rivalry
  • Football clubs in Peru
  • Football stadiums in Peru
  • Peru national football team
• Peru at the Olympics
• Rugby union in Peru
• Surfing in Peru

Economy and infrastructure of Peru

Main article: Economy of Peru

• Economic rank, by nominal GDP (2007): 54th (fifty-fourth)

• Agriculture in Peru
• Banking in Peru
  • National Bank of Peru
  • Central Reserve Bank of Peru
• Communications in Peru
  • Internet in Peru
  • Media in Peru
    • Newspapers in Peru
  • List of postal codes in Peru
  • Telephone numbers in Peru
• Companies of Peru

• Currency of Peru: Nuevo Sol
  • ISO 4217: PEN

• Economic history of Peru
• Energy in Peru
  • Electric power in Peru
  • Energy policy of Peru
  • Oil industry in Peru
• Health care in Peru
  • HIV/AIDS in Peru
• Mining in Peru
• Peru Stock Exchange
• Tourism in Peru
• Transport in Peru
  • Airports in Peru
  • Rail transport in Peru
  • Roads in Peru
    • Highways of Peru
• Water resources management in Peru
  • Irrigation in Peru
  • Water supply and sanitation in Peru

Education in Peru

Main article: Education in Peru

See also

	Peru portal
	Latin America portal

Main article: Peru

• Index of Peru-related articles
• List of Peru-related topics
• Iperu, tourist information and assistance
• South America Life Quality Rankings
• South America Life Quality Rankings - Economy and Finance
• South America Life Quality Rankings - Law and Justice
• List of international rankings
• Member state of the United Nations
• Outline of geography
• Outline of South America

References

1. ^ ^{a b} "Peru". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. July 13, 2009. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pe.html. Retrieved July 23, 2009. 

External links

Wikimedia Atlas of Peru

Government

• (Spanish) Web portal of the Peruvian Government
• (Spanish) Directory of Peruvian Government websites

General reference

• BBC country profile of Peru
• Peru entry at The World Factbook
• Encyclopædia Britannica entry on Peru
• Peru web directory

Other

• Peru travel guide from Wikitravel
• Outline of Peru at the Open Directory Project