Outline of culture

The following outline is provided as an overview and topical guide to culture:

Culture – the set of patterns of human activity within a society or social group and the symbolic structures that give such activity significance. Customs, laws, popular styles, social standards, and traditions are all examples of cultural elements.

Nature of culture

Main article: Culture

• Civilization –
• Community –
• Ethnic group –
• People –
• Group lifestyle –
• Society –

Elements of culture

• The Arts –
  • Fine arts
    • Gastronomy
      • Cooking –
      • Food and drink
        • Cuisine –
    • Literature –
      • Fiction –
      • Poetry –
      • Critical theory –
  • Visual arts –
    • Architecture – art and science of designing buildings.
    • Crafts – activities and hobbies that are related to making things with one's hands and skill.
    • Drawing – visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. As a verb, it is the act of making marks on a surface so as to create an image, form or shape. As a noun, it is the image produced, or the visual art form itself.
    • Film – also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still or moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects. The process of filmmaking has developed into an art form and industry.
    • Painting – the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium^[1] to a surface (support base) with a brush or other objects. The term describes both the act and the result of the action.
    • Photography –
    • Sculpture –
  • Performing arts –
    • Dance –
    • Film –
    • Music –
      • Opera –
    • Theatre –
• Celebration
  • Festivals –
• Entertainment –
  • Fiction –
  • Games –
  • Sports –
    • Basketball –
    • Cricket –
    • Martial arts –
    • Motorcycling –
    • Tennis –
• Language –
• Politics –
• Religion –
• Traditions –

Types of cultures

• Organizational culture –

Cultures by aspect

• Bicycle culture – a culture that supports, encourages, and has high bicycle usage
• Consumer culture – a society based on consumerism
• High context culture – a culture with the tendency use high context messages, resulting in catering towards in-groups
• Horse culture – a community whose day to day life revolves around the herding and breeding of horses
• Low context culture – culture with a tendency not to cater towards in-groups
• Remix culture – a society which allows and encourages derivative works
• Participatory culture – a culture in which private persons (the public) do not act as consumers only, but also as contributors or producers (prosumers – )
• Permission culture – a society in which copyright restrictions are pervasive and enforced to the extent that any and all uses of copyrighted works need to be explicitly leased
• Primitive culture – a community that lacks major signs of economic development or modernity

Cultural cross-sections

• Children's culture – cultural phenomena pertaining to children
  • Children's street culture – cumulative culture created by young children
• Coffee culture – social atmosphere or series of associated social behaviors that depends heavily upon coffee – , particularly as a social lubricant –
• Culture of capitalism – the lifestyle of the people living within a capitalist society, and the effects of a global or national capitalist economy on a population
• DIY culture – refers to a wide range of elements in non-mainstream society, such as grassroots political and social activism, independent music, art, and film
• Dominant culture – the established language, religion, behavior, values, rituals, and social customs of a society
• Drinking culture – the customs and practices of people who drink alcoholic beverages
• Folk culture – traditional culture; traditional cultural traits of a community
• Low culture –
• High culture –
• Official culture –
• Political culture –
  • Civic political culture –
• Popular culture – totality of ideas, perspectives, attitudes, memes, images and other phenomena that permeate the everyday lives of a given society, especially those heavily influenced by mass media.
• Print culture –
• Safety culture – the way in which safety is managed in the workplace, which often reflects "the attitudes, beliefs, perceptions and values that employees share in relation to safety."
• Tea culture –
• Trash culture –
• Urban culture –
• Vernacular culture –

Subcultures

Main article: Subculture

• Lifestyle enclave –

Types of subcultures

• Alternative culture – exists outside or on the fringes of mainstream or popular culture, usually under the domain of one or more subcultures.
• Counterculture –
• Oppositional culture –
• Security culture –
• Underground culture (disambiguation) –

Specific subcultures

• Association football culture –
• Cycling subculture –
• Deaf culture – social beliefs, behaviors, art, literary traditions, history, values and shared institutions of communities that are affected by deafness and which use sign languages as the main means of communication. When used as a cultural label, the word "deaf" is often written with a capital D, and referred to as "big D Deaf" in speech and sign.
• Ethical Culture –
• Gun Culture –
• LGBT culture –
• Modern juggling culture –
• Surf culture –
• Video game culture –

Cultures of the world

Area studies

Main article: Area studies

• Classical studies –
• Sinology –

Cultures by ethnicity or ethnic sphere

• Western culture –
  • Anglo America –
  • Latin American culture –
  • Anglosphere –
  • African American culture –
• Indosphere –
• Sinosphere –
• Islamic culture –
• Arab culture –
• Tibetan culture –

Cultures of continents and major geopolitical regions

(non-continents are italicized)

• Culture of Africa
• Culture of Antarctica
• Culture of Asia
• Culture of Europe
• Culture of North America
• Culture of Oceania
  • Culture of Australia
• Culture of South America

Cultures by political divisions of the World

(arranged by continent or major geopolitical region)

Cultures of Africa

Main article: Culture of Africa

• West Africa
  • Culture of Benin
  • Culture of Burkina Faso
  • Culture of Cape Verde
  • Culture of Côte d'Ivoire
  • Culture of the Gambia
  • Culture of Ghana
  • Culture of Guinea
  • Culture of Guinea-Bissau
  • Culture of Liberia
  • Culture of Mali
  • Culture of Mauritania
  • Culture of Niger
  • Culture of Nigeria
  • Culture of Senegal
  • Culture of Sierra Leone
  • Culture of Togo

• North Africa
  • Culture of Algeria
  • Culture of Egypt
  • Culture of Libya
  • Culture of Mauritania
  • Culture of Morocco
  • Culture of Sudan
  • Culture of Tunisia
  • Culture of Western Sahara

• Central Africa
  • Culture of Angola
  • Culture of Burundi
  • Culture of Cameroon
  • Culture of the Central African Republic
  • Culture of Chad
  • Culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Culture of Equatorial Guinea
  • Culture of Gabon
  • Culture of the Republic of the Congo
  • Culture of Rwanda
  • Culture of São Tomé and Príncipe

• East Africa
  • Culture of Burundi
  • Culture of Comoros
  • Culture of Djibouti
  • Culture of Eritrea
  • Culture of Ethiopia
  • Culture of Kenya
  • Culture of Madagascar
  • Culture of Malawi
  • Culture of Mauritius
  • Culture of Mozambique
  • Culture of Rwanda
  • Culture of Seychelles
  • Culture of Somalia
  • Culture of Tanzania
  • Culture of Uganda
  • Culture of Zambia
  • Culture of Zimbabwe

• Southern Africa
  • Culture of Botswana
  • Culture of Lesotho
  • Culture of Namibia
  • Culture of South Africa
  • Culture of Swaziland

• Dependencies in Africa
  • Culture of the British Indian Ocean Territory (UK)
  • Culture of Mayotte (France)
  • Culture of Réunion (France)
  • Culture of Saint Helena (UK)
  • Culture of the Canary Islands (Spain)
  • Culture of Ceuta (Spain)
  • Culture of Madeira (Portugal)
  • Culture of Melilla (Spain)
  • Culture of Socotra (Yemen)
  • Culture of Puntland
  • Culture of Somaliland
  • Culture of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

Culture of Antarctica

• No political divisions, just some scattered outposts

Cultures of Asia

Main article: Culture of Asia

• Central Asia
  • Culture of Kazakhstan
  • Culture of Kyrgyzstan
  • Culture of Tajikistan
  • Culture of Turkmenistan
  • Culture of Uzbekistan

• East Asia
  • Culture of China
    • Culture of Tibet
    • Special Administrative regions of China
      • Culture of Hong Kong
      • Culture of Macau
  • Culture of Japan
  • Culture of North Korea
  • Culture of South Korea
  • Culture of Mongolia
  • Culture of Taiwan

• North Asia
  • Culture of Russia
• Southeast Asia
  • Culture of Brunei
  • Culture of Burma
  • Culture of Cambodia
  • Culture of East Timor
  • Culture of Indonesia
  • Culture of Laos
  • Culture of Malaysia
  • Culture of the Philippines
  • Culture of Singapore
  • Culture of Thailand
  • Culture of Vietnam

• South Asia
  • Culture of Afghanistan
  • Culture of Bangladesh
  • Culture of Bhutan
  • Culture of India
  • Culture of Iran
  • Culture of Maldives
  • Culture of Nepal
  • Culture of Pakistan
  • Culture of Sri Lanka

• West Asia
  • Culture of Armenia
  • Culture of Azerbaijan
  • Culture of Bahrain
  • Culture of Cyprus
    • Culture of Northern Cyprus
  • Culture of Georgia
  • Culture of Iraq
  • Culture of Israel
  • Culture of Jordan
  • Culture of Kuwait
  • Culture of Lebanon
  • Culture of Oman
  • Culture of Palestine
  • Culture of Qatar
  • Culture of Saudi Arabia
  • Culture of Syria
  • Culture of Turkey
  • Culture of the United Arab Emirates
  • Culture of Yemen

Cultures of the Caucasus

(a region considered to be in both Asia and Europe, or between them)

• North Caucasus
  • Parts of Russia
    • Culture of Chechnya
    • Culture of Ingushetia
    • Culture of Dagestan
    • Culture of Adyghea
    • Culture of Kabardino-Balkaria
    • Culture of Karachai-Cherkessia
    • Culture of North Ossetia
    • Culture of Krasnodar Krai
    • Culture of Stavropol Krai

• South Caucasus
  • Culture of Georgia
    • Culture of Abkhazia
    • Culture of South Ossetia
  • Culture of Armenia
  • Culture of Azerbaijan
    • Culture of Nagorno-Karabakh

Cultures of Europe

Main article: Culture of Europe

• Culture of Akrotiri and Dhekelia
• Culture of Åland
• Culture of Albania
• Culture of Andorra
• Culture of Armenia
• Culture of Austria
• Culture of Azerbaijan
• Culture of Belarus
• Culture of Belgium
• Culture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
• Culture of Bulgaria
• Culture of Croatia
• Culture of Cyprus
• Culture of the Czech Republic
• Culture of Denmark
• Culture of Estonia
• Culture of the Faroe Islands
• Culture of Finland
• Culture of France
• Culture of Georgia
• Culture of Germany
• Culture of Gibraltar
• Culture of Greece
• Culture of Guernsey
• Culture of Hungary
• Culture of Iceland
• Culture of the Republic of Ireland
• Culture of the Isle of Man
• Culture of Italy
• Culture of Jersey
• Culture of Kazakhstan
• Culture of Kosovo
• Culture of Latvia
• Culture of Liechtenstein
• Culture of Lithuania
• Culture of Luxembourg
• Culture of Macedonia
• Culture of Malta
• Culture of Moldova
  • Culture of Transnistria)
• Culture of Monaco
• Culture of Montenegro
• Culture of the Netherlands
• Culture of Norway
• Culture of Poland
• Culture of Portugal
• Culture of Romania
• Culture of Russia
• Culture of San Marino
• Culture of Serbia
• Culture of Slovakia
• Culture of Slovenia
• Culture of Spain
• Culture of Svalbard
• Culture of Sweden
• Culture of Switzerland
• Culture of Turkey
• Culture of Ukraine
• Culture of the United Kingdom
  • Culture of England
  • Culture of Northern Ireland
  • Culture of Scotland
  • Culture of Wales
• Culture of Vatican City
• Culture of the European Union

Cultures of North America

• Culture of Canada
  • Culture of Alberta
  • Culture of British Columbia
  • Culture of Manitoba
  • Culture of New Brunswick
  • Culture of Newfoundland and Labrador
  • Culture of Nova Scotia
  • Culture of Ontario
  • Culture of Prince Edward Island
  • Culture of Quebec
  • Culture of Saskatchewan
• Culture of Greenland
• Culture of Mexico
• Culture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon
• Culture of the United States
  • Culture of Alabama
  • Culture of Alaska
  • Culture of Arizona
  • Culture of Arkansas
  • Culture of California
  • Culture of Colorado
  • Culture of Connecticut
  • Culture of Delaware
  • Culture of Florida
  • Culture of Georgia (U.S. state)
  • Culture of Hawaii
  • Culture of Idaho
  • Culture of Illinois
  • Culture of Indiana
  • Culture of Iowa
  • Culture of Montana
  • Culture of Kansas
  • Culture of Kentucky
  • Culture of Louisiana
  • Culture of Maine
  • Culture of Maryland
  • Culture of Massachusetts
  • Culture of Michigan
  • Culture of Minnesota
  • Culture of Mississippi
  • Culture of Missouri
  • Culture of Nebraska
  • Culture of Nevada
  • Culture of New Hampshire
  • Culture of New Jersey
  • Culture of New Mexico
  • Culture of New York
  • Culture of North Carolina
  • Culture of North Dakota
  • Culture of Ohio
  • Culture of Oklahoma
  • Culture of Oregon
  • Culture of Pennsylvania
  • Culture of Rhode Island
  • Culture of South Carolina
  • Culture of South Dakota
  • Culture of Tennessee
  • Culture of Texas
  • Culture of Utah
  • Culture of Vermont
  • Culture of Virginia
  • Culture of Washington
  • Culture of West Virginia
  • Culture of Wisconsin
  • Culture of Wyoming
  • District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.)

• Central America
  • • Culture of Belize
    • Culture of Costa Rica
    • Culture of El Salvador
    • Culture of Guatemala
    • Culture of Honduras
    • Culture of Nicaragua
    • Culture of Panama

• Caribbean
  • Culture of Anguilla
  • Culture of Antigua and Barbuda
  • Culture of Aruba
  • Culture of the Bahamas
  • Culture of Barbados
  • Culture of Bermuda
  • Culture of the British Virgin Islands
  • Culture of the Cayman Islands
  • Culture of Cuba
  • Culture of Dominica
  • Culture of the Dominican Republic
  • Culture of Grenada
  • Culture of Guadeloupe
  • Culture of Haiti
  • Culture of Jamaica
  • Culture of Martinique
  • Culture of Montserrat
  • Culture of Navassa Island
  • Culture of the Netherlands Antilles
  • Culture of Puerto Rico
  • Culture of Saint Barthélemy
  • Culture of Saint Kitts and Nevis
  • Culture of Saint Lucia
  • Culture of Saint Martin
  • Culture of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
  • Culture of Trinidad and Tobago
  • Culture of Trinidad
  • Culture of the Turks and Caicos Islands
  • Culture of the United States Virgin Islands

Cultures of Oceania

Main article: Culture of Oceania

• • Australasia
  • Culture of Australia
    • • Dependencies/Territories of Australia
      • Culture of Christmas Island
      • Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands
      • Culture of Norfolk Island
  • Culture of New Zealand
  • Melanesia
  • Culture of Fiji
  • Culture of Indonesia
  • Culture of New Caledonia (France)
  • Culture of Papua New Guinea
  • Culture of the Solomon Islands
  • Culture of Vanuatu
  • Micronesia
  • Culture of the Federated States of Micronesia
  • Culture of Guam (USA)
  • Culture of Kiribati
  • Culture of the Marshall Islands
  • Culture of Nauru
  • Culture of the Northern Mariana Islands (USA)
  • Culture of Palau
  • Culture of Wake Island (USA)
  • Polynesia
  • Culture of American Samoa (USA)
  • Culture of the Chatham Islands (NZ)
  • Culture of the Cook Islands (NZ)
  • Culture of Easter Island (Chile)
  • Culture of French Polynesia (France)
  • Culture of Hawaii (USA)
  • Culture of the Loyalty Islands (France)
  • Culture of Niue (NZ)
  • Culture of the Pitcairn Islands (UK)
  • Culture of Adamstown
  • Culture of Samoa
  • Culture of Tokelau (NZ)
  • Culture of Tonga
  • Culture of Tuvalu
  • Culture of Wallis and Futuna (France)

Cultures of South America

Main article: Culture of South America

• Culture of Argentina
• Culture of Bolivia
• Culture of Brazil
• Culture of Chile
• Culture of Colombia
• Culture of Ecuador
• Culture of the Falkland Islands
• Culture of French Guiana
• Culture of Guyana
• Culture of Paraguay
• Culture of Peru
• Culture of Suriname
• Culture of Uruguay
• Culture of Venezuela

Cultures of the South Atlantic

• Culture of Ascension Island
• Culture of Saint Helena
• Culture of Tristan da Cunha

History of culture

Main articles: Cultural history and Cultural-history archaeology

Cultural histories

By period

• Culture during the Cold War

By region

• Cultural history of the United States
• Cultural history of Taiwan
• History of Lithuanian culture
• History of Russian culture

By subject

• Earth in culture
• World War II in contemporary culture
• Medieval maritime culture

Historical cultures

• Culture of ancient Rome
• Culture of ancient Rus
• Clovis culture
• Mississippian culture
• Vinca culture

• Human sacrifice in Aztec culture

Politics of culture

• The arts and politics – as they respond to contemporaneous events and politics, the arts take on political as well as social dimensions, becoming themselves a focus of controversy and even a force of political as well as social change.
• Culture change –
• Culture of fear –
• Culture of life –
• Culture minister –
• Official culture –
• Political culture –

Sociology of culture

• Animal culture –
• Constructed culture –
• Cross-cultural communication –
• Cultural bias –
• Cultural dissonance –
• Cultural evolution –
• Cultural imperialism –
• Cultural phenomenon –
• Cultural universals –
• Culture assimilators –
• Culture gap –
• Culture hero –
• Culture industry –
• Culture note –
• Culture of poverty –
• Culture shock –
• Culture theory –
• Culture speculation –
• Culture war –
• Death and culture –
• Demographics –
• Emotions and Culture –
• Ethnocentrism –
• Intercultural competence –
• Right to science and culture –
• Social fact –
• Symbolic culture –
• Third culture kid –
• Transformation of culture –

Academic fields

• Archaeology – studies the physical aspects of cultures.
• Cultural studies – holistic academic field concerning the political nature of contemporary culture. It seeks to understand the ways in which meaning is generated and disseminated through practices, beliefs, and political, economic, or social structures within a given culture.
• Popular culture studies – generally considered a combination of communication studies and cultural studies, it analyzes popular culture from a critical theory perspective.
• Sound culture – interdisciplinary field which considers "the material production and consumption of music, sound, noise and silence, and how these have changed throughout history and within different societies, but does this from a much broader perspective than standard disciplines."^[2]
• Visual culture –

See also

Culture portal

References

1. ^ Merriam-Webster Online
2. ^ Pinch, T. and Bijsterveld, K, 2004, Sound Studies: new Technologies and Music, in "Social Studies of Science", 34\5, pp. 635-648

External links

• The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Culture section
• Detailed article on defining culture
• Dictionary of the History of Ideas: "culture" and "civilization" in modern times
• Countries and their Cultures
• Global Culture Essays on globalization, migration and their impact on global culture
• Centre for Intercultural Learning
• What is Culture? - Washington State University
• Investigaciones en Bioética
• Define Culture - List of definitions of culture from people around the world.
• Reflections on the Politics of Culture by Michael Parenti
• Mukul Dey Archives, Chitralekha, Santiniketan INDIA
• Foreign Influence on Indian Culture (c. 600 BC to AD 320) by Manjari Ukil