Outline of neuroscience

Outline of neuroscience

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to neuroscience:

Neuroscience – an interdisciplinary science that studies the nervous system.[1]

Contents

Nervous system

Human nervous system

The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and send signals between different parts of its body.

Central nervous system

The central nervous system (CNS) is the largest part of the nervous system, and includes the brain and spinal cord.

Peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is a collective term for the nervous system structures that do not lie within the CNS.

Peripheral
nervous
system		 by direction afferent system
efferent system
By function Somatic
Autonomic Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
Enteric

Glial cells

Glial cells, commonly called neuroglia or glia, are supportive cells that maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for the brain's neurons.

v · d · eNervous system (TA A14, GA 9)
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system

M: CNS

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noco(m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)

M: PNS

anat(h/r/t/c/b/l/s/a)/phys(r)/devp/prot/nttr/nttm/ntrp

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proc, drug(N1B)
v · d · eHistology: nervous tissue (TA A14, GA 9.849, TH H2.00.06, H3.11)
CNS
General

Myelination: Oligodendrocyte

Astrocyte (Radial glial cell) · Ependymal cells (Tanycyte) · Microglia
Other
PNS
General
Posterior (Root, Ganglion, Ramus) · Anterior (Root, Ramus) · rami communicantes (Gray, White) · Autonomic ganglion (Preganglionic nerve fibers · Postganglionic nerve fibers)
Neurons/
nerve fibers
Parts
Types
Termination
Synapse

M: CNS

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proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)

M: PNS

anat(h/r/t/c/b/l/s/a)/phys(r)/devp/prot/nttr/nttm/ntrp

noco/auto/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

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v · d · eNervous system physiology: neurophysiology / clinical neurophysiology
Primarily CNS
Primarily PNS
Both
Bereitschaftspotential · P300 · Auditory evoked potential · Somatosensory evoked potentials · Somatosensory evoked potentials · Visual evoked potential
Other short term
Long term
Other

M: CNS

anat(n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp

noco(m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)

M: PNS

anat(h/r/t/c/b/l/s/a)/phys(r)/devp/prot/nttr/nttm/ntrp

noco/auto/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(N1B)

Brain

The brain is the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate, and most invertebrate, animals.

Principal regions of the vertebrate brain:

Vertebrate-brain-regions.png
Brain Forebrain Telencephalon

Rhinencephalon, Amygdala, Hippocampus, Neocortex, Lateral ventricles, Basal ganglia
Diencephalon

Epithalamus, Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Subthalamus, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland
Midbrain

Tectum, Cerebral peduncle, Pretectum, Mesencephalic duct
Hindbrain Metencephalon

Pons, Cerebellum,
Myelencephalon Medulla oblongata

Neuron

Structure of a typical neuron
Neuron
At one end of an elongated structure is a branching mass. At the centre of this mass is the nucleus and the branches are dendrites. A thick axon trails away from the mass, ending with further branching which are labeled as axon terminals. Along the axon are a number of protuberances labeled as myelin sheaths.
Axon terminal
Myelin sheath

A neuron (also known as a neurone or nerve cell) is an excitable cell in the nervous system that processes and transmits information by electrochemical signaling. Neurons are the core components of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Action potential

An action potential (or nerve impulse) is a transient alteration of the transmembrane voltage (or membrane potential) across the membrane in an excitable cell generated by the activity of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in the membrane. The best known action potentials are pulse-like waves that travel along the axons of neurons.

Synapse

Structure of a typical chemical synapse

Synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.

Neurotransmitter

Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that relay, amplify, and modulate signals between neurons and other cells to which they are synaptically connected.

Neurotransmitter receptor

A neurotransmitter receptor is a membrane receptor that can be activated by a neurotransmitter. Interactions between neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors can evoke a wide range of differing responses from the cell receiving the signal, including excitation, inhibition, and various types of modulation.

  • Category:Receptors

Biological neural network

A biological neural network is a population of physically interconnected neurons that act cooperatively to form a functional circuit. Computer scientists and engineers also study artificial neural networks formed by simplified mathematical abstractions of the signaling properties of biological neurons.

Neural development

Neural development comprises the processes that generate, shape, and reshape the nervous system, from the earliest stages of embryogenesis to the final years of life.

v · d · ePrenatal development/Mammalian development of nervous system (GA 9.733 and GA 10.1002, TE E5.13-16)
Neurogenesis
Cranial neural crest (Cardiac neural crest complex) · Truncal neural crest
Eye development
Auditory development
note: NS is mostly ectoderm, but mesoderm is precursor for epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium

M: CNS

anat(n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp

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proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)

M: EYE

anat(g/a/p)/phys/devp/prot

noco/cong/tumr, epon

proc, drug(S1A/1E/1F/1L)

M: EAR

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noco/cong, epon

proc, drug(S2)

Sensory system

A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception.

v · d · eNervous system, receptors: somatosensory system (GA 10.1059)
Medial lemniscus
Spinothalamic tract

M: PNS

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Motor control

Motor control comprises the activities carried out by the nervous system that organize the musculoskeletal system to create coordinated movements and skilled actions.

Learning and memory

"Memory" is an organism's ability to store, retain, and recall information. "Learning" means acquiring new knowledge, behaviors, skills, values, preferences or understanding, and may involve synthesizing different types of information.

Cognition

The term "cognition" refers to the activities involved in processing information, applying knowledge, and changing preferences. Cognition, or cognitive processes, can be natural or artificial, conscious or unconscious.

Arousal

Arousal is a physiological and psychological state of being awake or reactive to stimuli.

Neuroscience

Neuroscience is the scientific study of the nervous system. Traditionally, neuroscience has been seen as a branch of biology. Currently it has become an interdisciplinary science that involves other disciplines such as cognitive and neuro-psychology, computer science, statistics, physics, philosophy, and medicine.

Neurophysiology

Neurophysiology is the study of the function (as opposed to structure) of the nervous system.

Neuroanatomy

Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy of nervous tissue and neural structures of the nervous system.

Neuropharmacology

Neuropharmacology is the study of how drugs affect cellular function in the nervous system.

v · d · eMedication > Pharmacology
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacodynamics
Agonism and antagonism

Agonist: Inverse agonist • Irreversible agonist • Partial agonist • Superagonist • Physiological agonist

Antagonist: Competitive antagonist • Irreversible antagonist • Physiological antagonist

Other: Binding • Affinity • Binding selectivity • Functional selectivity
Other
Related fields/subfields

Behavioral neuroscience

Behavioral neuroscience, also known as biological psychology, biopsychology, or psychobiology, is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior in human and non-human animals.

Developmental neuroscience

Developmental neuroscience aims to describe the cellular basis of brain development and to address the underlying mechanisms. The field draws on both neuroscience and developmental biology to provide insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which complex nervous systems develop.

Cognitive neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscience is concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a focus on the neural substrates of mental processes.

Systems neuroscience

Systems neuroscience is a subdiscipline of neuroscience which studies the function of neural circuits and systems. It is an umbrella term, encompassing a number of areas of study concerned with how nerve cells behave when connected together to form neural networks.

Molecular neuroscience

Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that examines the biology of the nervous system with molecular biology, molecular genetics, protein chemistry and related methodologies.

Computational neuroscience

Computational neuroscience includes both the study of the information processing functions of the nervous system, and the use of digital computers to study the nervous system. It is an interdisciplinary science that links the diverse fields of neuroscience, cognitive science and psychology, electrical engineering, computer science, physics and mathematics.

Neurophilosophy

Neurophilosophy or "philosophy of neuroscience" is the interdisciplinary study of neuroscience and philosophy. Work in this field is often separated into two distinct approaches. The first approach attempts to solve problems in philosophy of mind with empirical information from the neurosciences. The second approach attempts to clarify neuroscientific results using the conceptual rigor and methods of philosophy of science.

v · d · eNeuroscience

Affective neuroscience · Behavioral neurology · Behavioral genetics · Behavioral neuroscience · Brain–computer interface · Chronobiology · Clinical neurophysiology · Clinical neuroscience · Cognitive neuroscience · Computational neuroscience · Connectomics · Evolution of nervous systems · Imaging genetics · Integrative neuroscience · Molecular cellular cognition · Neural development · Neural engineering · Neural network (both artificial and biological) · Neural signal processing · Neural tissue regeneration · Neuroanatomy · Neurobioengineering · Neurobiology · Neurobiotics · Neurocardiology · Neurochemistry · Neurochip · Neurodegeneration · Neurodevelopmental disorders · Neurodiversity · Neuroembryology · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroepidemiology · Neuroethics · Neuroethology · Neurogastroenterology · Neurogenetics · Neuroimaging · Neuroimmunology · Neuroinformatics · Neurointensive care · Neurolinguistics · Neurology · Neurometrics · Neuromodulation · Neuromonitoring · Neurooncology · Neuro-ophthalmology · Neuropathology · Neuropharmacology · Neurophilosophy · Neurophysics · Neurophysiology · Neuroplasticity · Neuroprosthetics · Neuropsychiatry · Neuropsychology · Neuroradiology · Neurorehabilitation · Neurorobotics · Neurosurgery · Neurotechnology · Neurotology · Neurotoxin · Neurotransmitter · Neurovirology · Psychiatry · Sensory neuroscience · Social neuroscience · Systems neuroscience

Neurology

Neurology is the medical specialty dealing with disorders of the nervous system. It deals with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of disease involving the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.

Neuropsychology

Neuropsychology studies the structure and function of the brain related to psychological processes and behaviors. The term is used most frequently with reference to studies of the effects of brain damage in humans and animals.

v · d · ePathology of the nervous system, primarily CNS (G04–G47, 323–349)
Inflammation
Encephalitis (Viral encephalitis, Herpesviral encephalitis) · Cavernous sinus thrombosis · Brain abscess (Amoebic)
Both/either
Brain/
encephalopathy
Episodic/
paroxysmal
Intracranial hypertension (Hydrocephalus/NPH, Idiopathic intracranial hypertension) · Cerebral edema · Intracranial hypotension
Other
Brain herniation · Reye's · Hepatic encephalopathy · Toxic encephalopathy
Spinal cord/
myelopathy
Both/either
UMN only: PLS · PP · HSP
both: ALS

M: CNS

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proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)
v · d · eSurgery, Nervous system: neurosurgical and other procedures (ICD-9-CM V3 01–05+89.1, ICD-10-PCS 00-01)
Skull
CNS
Cerebral meninges

Spinal cord and roots (Cordotomy, Rhizotomy)

Vertebrae and intervertebral discs: see Template:Bone, cartilage, and joint procedures
CT head · Cerebral angiography · Pneumoencephalography · Echoencephalography/Transcranial doppler · MRI of brain and brain stem · Brain PET · SPECT of brain · Myelography
Diagnostic
PNS
Sympathetic nerves or ganglia
Nerves (general)
Diagnostic

M: CNS

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proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)

M: PNS

anat(h/r/t/c/b/l/s/a)/phys(r)/devp/prot/nttr/nttm/ntrp

noco/auto/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(N1B)

Related sciences

See also

Neuro logo.png Neuroscience portal

References

  1. ^ "Neuroscience". Merriam-Webster Medical Dictionary. http://www.merriam-webster.com/medlineplus/neuroscience. 
v · d · eSystems and systems science
Systems categories
Systems theory · Systems science · Systems scientists (Conceptual · Physical · Social)
Systems
Theoretical fields
Systems scientists
v · d · eHuman systems and organs
TA 2–4:
MS
Bone (Carpus · Collar bone (clavicle) · Thigh bone (femur) · Fibula · Humerus · Mandible · Metacarpus · Metatarsus · Ossicles · Patella · Phalanges · Radius · Skull (cranium) · Tarsus · Tibia · Ulna · Rib · Vertebra · Pelvis · Sternum) · Cartilage
TA 5–11:
splanchnic/
viscus
mostly
Thoracic
TA 12–16
peripheral (Artery, Vein, Lymphatic vessel) · Heart
primary (Bone marrow, Thymus) · secondary (Spleen, Lymph node)
Blood
(Non-TA)
General anatomy: systems and organs, regional anatomy, planes and lines, superficial axial anatomy, superficial anatomy of limbs

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