Fieseler Fi 156

Fi 156 Storch
Role	Reconnaissance & communications
Manufacturer	Fieseler, Morane-Saulnier
Designer	Gerhard Fieseler, Reinhold Meadows, Erich Bachem
First flight	24 May, 1936
Introduction	1937
Retired	1945 (Germany), 1970 (France)
Primary users	Luftwaffe Aviation Légère de l’Armée de Terre, Armée de l'Air
Produced	1937-1949 (1965 for the MS 500)
Number built	Over 2,900[1]

The Fieseler Fi 156 Storch (English: Stork) was a small German liaison aircraft built by Fieseler before and during World War II, and production continued in other countries into the 1950s for the private market. It remains famous to this day for its excellent STOL performance, and French-built later variants often appear at air shows.

Conception and production

Design and development

In 1935, the RLM (Reichsluftfahrtministerium, Reich Aviation Ministry) put out a tender for a new Luftwaffe aircraft suitable for liaison, army co-operation (today called Forward Air Control), and medical evacuation, to several companies, resulting in the Messerschmitt Bf 163 and Siebel Si 201 competing against the Fieseler firm's entry. Conceived by chief designer Reinhold Mewes and technical director Erich Bachem, Fieseler's entry was by far the most advanced in terms of STOL (Short Take Off and Landing) performance. A fixed slat ran along the entire leading edge of the long wings, while the entire trailing edge, inspired by earlier 1930s Junkers "double-wing" aircraft wing control surface designs, including the ailerons, was a hinged and slotted flap.

In a design feature rare for land-based aircraft, the wings on the Storch could be folded back along the fuselage in a manner not unlike that of the US Navy's F4F Wildcat fighter, allowing it to be carried on a trailer or even towed slowly behind a vehicle. The primary hinge for folding the wing rearwards was located in the wing root, where the rear wing spar met the cabin area. The long legs of the main landing gear contained oil-and-spring shock absorbers that compressed about 450 mm (18 inches) on landing, allowing the plane to set down almost anywhere. In flight they hung down, giving the aircraft the appearance of a very long-legged, big-winged bird, hence its nickname, Storch. With its very low landing speed the Storch often appeared to land vertically, or even backwards, in strong winds from directly ahead.

German production

A total of about 2,900 Fi 156s, mostly Cs, were produced from 1937 to 1945 at the Fieseler Factory in Kassel. In 1942 the production started in the Morane-Saulnier factory at Puteaux in France. Due to the demand for the Bf 109 and the Fw 190, the Storch production was shifted to the Leichtbau Budweis in Budweis in 1943.

Czech production

In 1944 the production was moved from the Leichtbau Budweis to the Mráz factory in Chocen which produced 138 examples of Fi 156, locally designated as K-65 Čáp. Production ended in 1949.

French production

Morane-Saulnier MS.505 Criquet

Immediately after the liberation of France in 1944, the production of Storch at the Morane-Saulnier factory was continued at the request of the Armée de l'Air and designated MS 500 for the batch of aircraft produced with the remaining stock of Argus engines. Further modification and use of different engines (inline and radial) are known under different type. The use of the plane in Indochina highlighted the weakness of the wood in the construction of the airframe; It was then decided to build the wings in metal. Among the modifications, the defensive weapon aiming through the back window was dropped, although some aircraft have then been modified on the field to take a Machine Gun MAC 34T firing through one of the side windows. 141 aircraft were built before the end of World War II and a total of 925 aircraft were built before the end of the production of all type of Criquet by Morane-Saulnier in 1965.

Romanian production

Licence production was also started in Romania in 1943 at the ICAR factory in Bucharest. Only 10 were built by the time Romania switched sides, with a further 70 aircraft being built by the Romanians before production ended in 1946.^[2]

Summary of production

Production per factory and per type until 31 March 1945:

Type	Fieseler	Morane-Saulnier	Mraz	Leichtbau	Total
A-0	10				10
B-0	14				14
B-1	36				36
C-1	286				286
C-2	239				239
C-3	1.230	525			1.755
C-5		259	32	63	354
D-1	117				117
D-2			46	10	56
Total	1.908	784	78	73	2.867

Modern development

Slepcev Storch

Because of its superb STOL characteristics, there have been many attempts to recreate or copy the Storch, namely in the form of various homebuilt aircraft such as the Pazmany Stork and Roger Mann's Ragwing Stork. Another is the Slepcev Storch designed by Nestor Slepcev. It is a ¾ scale reproduction of the original with some simplifications. The use of modern materials provides better STOL performance than the original with a take-off run of 30 m and landing-roll of 50 m with no headwind.^[3]

Operational history

During WWII

Fi 156 in Luftwaffe markings

Fi 156 in flight

Restored Storch in IWM Duxford

The Storch could be found on every front throughout the European and North African theaters of operation in World War II. It will probably always be most famous for its role in Operation Eiche, the rescue of deposed Italian dictator Benito Mussolini from a boulder-strewn mountain top near the Gran Sasso, surrounded by Italian troops. German commando Otto Skorzeny dropped with 90 paratroopers onto the peak and quickly captured it, but the problem remained of how to get back off. A Focke-Achgelis Fa 223 helicopter was sent, but it broke down en route. Instead, pilot Walter Gerlach flew in a Storch, landed in 30 m (100 ft), took aboard Mussolini and Skorzeny, and took off again in under 80 m (250 ft), even though the plane was overloaded. The Storch involved in rescuing Mussolini bore the radio code letters, or Stammkennzeichen, of "SJ + LL" in motion picture coverage of the daring rescue.

On 26 April 1945 a Storch was one of the last planes to land on the improvised airstrip in the Tiergarten near the Brandenburg Gate during the Battle of Berlin and the death throes of the Third Reich. It was flown by the test pilot Hanna Reitsch, who flew her lover Field Marshal Robert Ritter von Greim from Munich to Berlin to answer a summons from Hitler. Once in Berlin von Greim was informed that he was to take over command of the Luftwaffe from Hermann Göring.^[4]

A Storch was the victim of the last dog fight on the Western Front and another was downed by a direct Allied counterpart of the Storch—a L-4 Grasshopper—from the L-4's crew directing their pistol fire at it. The pilot and co-pilot of the L-4, Lts. Duane Francis and Bill Martin, opened fire on the Storch with their .45 caliber pistols, forcing the German air crew to land and surrender.

During the war a number of Störche were captured by the Allies; the British having captured 145 from which 64 were given to the French as War compensation from Germany, one becoming the personal aircraft of Field Marshal Montgomery.

Post WWII

The ALA and the ALAT use the Criquet from 1945 to 1958 throughout the Indochina War and the Algerian War. The Swiss Air Force and other mountainous European countries continued to use the Storch for rescues in terrain where STOL performance is necessary. Many Storchs are still operational today commonly shown at air shows.

Variants

• Fi 156 V1 - Prototype equipped with an adjustable metal propeller, registration D-IKVN (produced in 1935-1936)
• Fi 156 V2 - Prototype equipped with a Wooden propeller. First Prototype to fly (May 10, 1936). registration D-IDVS (produced in 1935-1936)
• Fi 156 V3 - Prototype identical to the V2. Test machine for various radio equipment, registration D-IGLI (produced in 1936)
• Fi 156 V4 - Prototype identical to the V3. Skis for landing gear and disposable auxiliary tank. (produced in 1936-1937)
• Fi 156 V5 - Production prototype for A-series. (produced in 1937)
• Fi 156 A-0 - Pre-production aircraft, identical to the V3. Ten aircraft were produced. (produced in 1937-1938)
• Fi 156 A-1 - first production models for service, ordered into production by the Luftwaffe with an order for 16 aircraft, the first production aircraft entered service in mid-1937. Some source cite only 6 were effectively produced. (produced in 1938)
• Fi 156 B - Allowed for the automatic retraction of the leading edge slats and had a number of minor aerodynamic cleanups, boosting the speed to 208 km/h (130 mph). The Luftwaffe didn't consider such a small difference to be important and the Fi-156 B was not produced.
• Fi 156 C-0 - Pre-production. Essentially a "flexible" version of the A model. (produced in 1939)
• Fi 156 C-1 - three-seater liaison version. (produced in 1939-1940)
• Fi 156 C-2 - two-seat observation type (which had a rear-mounted MG 15 machine gun for defense), produced in 1940.
• Fi 156 C-3 - Replaced the C-1 and C-2 with a "universal cockpit" suited for any role. (produced in 1940-1941)
• Fi 156 C-3/Trop - Version adapted for tropical/desert conditions. Filtered intakes. (produced in 1940-1942)
• Fi 156 C-5 - Addition of a belly hardpoint for a camera pod or jettisionable auxiliary tanks. Some were fitted with skis, rather than wheels, for operation on snow. (produced in 1941-1945)
• Fi 156 C-5/Trop - Version adapted for tropical/desert conditions. Filtered intakes. (produced in 1941-1945)
• Fi 156 D-0 - Pre-production of the air ambulance version of the C model with a larger cockpit and larger doors. Powered by an Argus AsP engine. (produced in 1941)
• Fi 156 D-1 - Production version of the D-0. (produced in 1942-1945)
• Fi 156 E-0 - Liaison version identical to the C-1 Ten pre-production aircraft were fitted with tracked landing gear. (produced in 1941-1942)
• Fi 156 F or P - Counter insurgency version. Identical to the C-3 with machine guns in side windows and bomb-racks/smoke laying. (produced in 1942)
• Fi 156 U - Anti-submarine version. Identical to the C-3 with depth charge. (produced in 1940)
• Fi 156 K-1 - Export version of the C-1 (Bought by Sweden).
• Fi 256 - A five seat civil version; two were built by Morane-Saulnier.
• MS-500 - Liaison version. French produced with 240 hp French built Argus engine.
• MS-501 - with a 233 hp Renault 6Q
• MS-502 - Liaison version. Identical to the MS-500, with the Argus engine replaced by a 230 hp Salmson 9ab radial engine.
• MS-504 - with a 304 hp Jacobs R-755-A2 radial engine.
• MS-505 - Observation version of the MS-500 with the Argus engine replaced by a 304 hp Jacobs R-755-A2 radial engine.
• MS-506 - with a 235 hp Lycoming engine.
• Mráz K-65 Čáp - production in Czechoslovakia after World War II.
• Antonov OKA-38 Aist - An unlicensed copy of the Fi 156, powered by a copy of a Renault MV-6 engine, was starting production as the factory was overrun by German forces in 1941

Operators

Spanish Air Force Fi 156 and Argus As 10 engine

Swedish Air Force S14 (Fi 156)

Rudolf Langhanns collection

•  Bulgaria
•  Cambodia (Post war)
•  Croatia
•  Czechoslovakia (Post war)
•  Finland - Finnish Air Force
•  France - French Air Force and French Army (Post war)
•  Germany - Luftwaffe
•  Greece (Post war)
•  Hungary
•  Italy
•  Laos (Post war)
•  Norway (Post war)
•  Poland (Post war)
•  Romania
•  Slovakia
•  South Vietnam - Vietnam Air Force (Post war)
•  Soviet Union
•  Spain - Spanish Air Force
•  Sweden - Royal Swedish Air Force
•  Switzerland - Swiss Air Force
•  United Kingdom - Royal Air Force
•  Kingdom of Yugoslavia
•  Yugoslavia

Specifications (Fi 156)

Morane-Saulnier M.S.500 Criquet

General characteristics

• Crew: 2
• Length: 9.9 m (32 ft 6 in)
• Wingspan: 14.3 m (46 ft 9 in)
• Height: 3.1 m (10 ft 0 in)
• Wing area: 26 m² (280 ft²)
• Empty weight: 860 kg (1,900 lb)
• Loaded weight: 1,260 kg (2,780 lb)
• Powerplant: 1 × Argus As 10 air-cooled inverted V8 engine, 180 kW (240 hp)

Performance

• Maximum speed: 175 km/h (109 mph) at 300 m (1,000 ft)
• Range: 380 km (210 nmi, 240 mi)
• Service ceiling: 4,600 m (15,090 ft)
• Rate of climb: 4.8 m/s (945 ft/min)
• Wing loading: 48.5 kg/m² (9.9 lb/ft²)
• Power/mass: 143 W/kg (0.087 hp/lb)

Armament

• Guns: MG 15 machine gun

See also

Related development

• Antonov OKA-38 Aist
• Carlson Criquet a ¾ scale variant for homebuilders
• Fieseler Fi 97
• Pazmany PL-9 Stork a ¾ scale variant for homebuilders
• RagWing RW19 Stork a ¾ scale variant for homebuilders
  

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

• Aero L-60 Brigadýr
• Dornier Do 27
• Helio Courier-postwar (1949) American light STOL aircraft
• Henschel Hs 126
• Ikarus Kurir
• Kobeseiko Te-Go
• Kokusai Ki-76 "Stella"
• Meridionali Ro.63
• Messerschmitt Bf 163
• Piper L4
• Polikarpov Po-2
• Siebel Si 201
• Vultee L-1A Vigilant
• Westland Lysander
  

Related lists

• List of military aircraft of Germany
  

References

Notes

1. ^ Winchester, 2004
2. ^ Axworthy 1994, p.12.
3. ^ "Slepcev Storch - Storch Aviation, Serbia". http://www.slepcevstorch.com/. Retrieved 10 April 2011. 
4. ^ Antony Beevor. Berlin: The Downfall 1945, Penguin Books, 2002, ISBN 0-670-88695-5. p.322

Bibliography

• Axworthy, Max, "On Three Fronts: Romania's Aircraft Industry During World War Two". Air Enthusiast, No.56, Winter 1994. Stamford, Lincs, UK:Key Publishing. ISSN 0143 5450. pp8–27.
• Bateson, Richard P. "Fieseler Fi 156 Storch". Aircraft in Profile, Volume 11. Widsor, Berkshire, UK: Profile Publications Ltd., 1972.
• Dariusz KARNAS & Pawel PRZYMUSIALA, Fi 156 Storch Vol.1 (Militaria n.68), Wydawnictwo, Warsaw, 1998, ISBN 83-7219-019-4
• Dariusz KARNAS & Pawel PRZYMUSIALA, Fi 156 Storch Vol.2 (Militaria n.100), Wydawnictwo, Warsaw, 1999, ISBN 83-7219-059-3
• Philippe RICCO & Jean-Claude SOUMILLE, Les Avions Allemands aux Couleurs Francaises, Tome 1, Airdoc, Rochemaure, 1997, ISBN 29-5094-855-3, ISBN13 978-29-5094-855-7
• Jean-Claude SOUMILLE, L'Aviation Francaise en Indochine 1946-1954, Tome 2, Airdoc, Rochemaure, 1997, no ISBN

• Winchester, Jim, "Aircraft of World War II". San Diego, CA, USA,: Thunder Bay Press, 2004 ISBN 1-59223-224-8

External links

• Aircraft.co.za - The Complete Aviation Reference
• - Fantasy of Flight's original Fi 156 Storch
• a restored Storch - the Fi 156 Storch C3 of the Brussels Air Museum Restoration Society