Hail Mary

The Hail Mary or Ave Maria (Latin) is a traditional Christian prayer asking for the intercession of the Virgin Mary, the mother of Jesus. The Hail Mary is used within Roman Catholicism, and it forms the basis of the Rosary. The prayer is also used by the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox as well as by many other groups within the Catholic tradition of Christianity including Anglicans, Independent Catholics, and Old Catholics. Some Protestant denominations also make use of the prayer. Most of the text of the Hail Mary can be found within the Gospel of Luke.

Biblical source

The prayer incorporates two passages from Saint Luke's Gospel: "Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee, blessed art thou amongst women" (, "chaíre", here translated "Hail", literally has the meaning "Rejoice", "Be glad". This was the normal greeting in the language in which Saint Luke's Gospel is written and continues to be used in the same sense in Modern Greek. Accordingly, both "Hail" and "Rejoice" are valid English translations of the word.

The word polytonic|κεχαριτωμένη, ("kecharitōménē"), here translated as "full of grace", admits of various translations. Grammatically, the word is the feminine present perfect passive voice participle of the verb polytonic|χαριτόω [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%23113414] , "charitóō", which means "to show, or bestow with, grace" and, in the passive voice, "to have grace shown, or bestowed upon, one". The form of the verb is intensive, hence the translations "full of grace". [To render the meaning of the Greek intensive verb, the early Latin translators of the New Testament, who had no corresponding verb in their language, felt the need to use the phrase "gratia plena" (full of grace).]

The text also appears in the account of the annunciation contained in the apocryphal Infancy Gospel of Matthew, in chapter 9.

The prayer in Greek tradition

The Hail Mary prayer of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches is in the form: polytonic|:Θεοτόκε Παρθένε, χαῖρε, κεχαριτωμένη Μαρία, ὁ Κύριος μετὰ σοῦ. εὐλογημένη σὺ ἐν γυναιξί, καὶ εὐλογημένος ὁ καρπὸς τῆς κοιλίας σου, ὅτι Σωτήρα ἔτεκες τῶν ψυχῶν ἡμῶν. [ [http://www.ec-patr.net/en/psaltai/danielides/index.php?what=4 text, with chanting] ] ::"Theotokos Virgin, rejoice, Mary full of grace, the Lord is with you. Blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb, for you have borne the Saviour of our souls."

Another English rendering of the same text reads:

::"Mother of God and Virgin, rejoice, Mary full of grace, the Lord is with thee. Blessed art thou amongst women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, for thou hast given birth to the Saviour of our souls."

To the Biblical texts this adds the opening invocation "Theotokos Virgin," the name "Mary" and the concluding "for you have borne the Saviour of our souls".

The prayer in Western (Latin) tradition

After considering the use of similar words in Syriac, Greek and Latin in the sixth century, the article on the Hail MaryCitation
last =Thurston
first =Herbert
contribution =Hail Mary
year =1910
title =The Catholic Encyclopedia
editor-last =
editor-first =
volume =VII
pages =
place=New York
publisher =Robert Appleton Company
id =
url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07110b.htm
accessdate = 2007-09-19] in the Catholic Encyclopedia concludes that "there is little or no trace of the Hail Mary as an accepted devotional formula before about 1050", though a later pious tale attributed to Ildephonsus of Toledo (fl. 7th century) the use of the first part, namely the angel's greeting the Mary, without that of Elizabeth, as a prayer.

As seen above, Saint Thomas Aquinas spoke of the name "Mary", indicating who was the "full of grace" person addressed, as the only word that had been added in the West even by the mid-thirteenth century to the Biblical verses of which the prayer was composed. But at about the same time the name "Jesus" was also added, to specify who was meant by the phrase "the fruit of thy womb".

The Western version of the prayer is thus not derived from the Greek version: even the earliest Western forms have no trace of the phrases "Mother of God and Virgin" and "for thou hast given birth to the Saviour of our souls", which are part of the Greek version.

To the greeting and praise of Mary of which the prayer thus consisted, a petition "Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death. Amen." was commonly added around the time of the Council of Trent. The Dutch Jesuit Petrus Canisius is credited with adding in 1555 in his Catechism the sentence:
* "Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners." [This sentence appeared for he first time in his catechism of 1555 : Petrus Canisius, CATECHISMI Latini et Germanici, I, ( ed Friedrich Streicher, S P C CATECHISMI Latini et Germanici, I, Roma, Munich, 1933, I, 12]

Eleven years later, the sentence was included in the Catechism of the Council of Trent of 1566. The "Catechism of the Council of Trent" says that to the first part of the Hail Mary, by which "we render to God the highest praise and return Him most gracious thanks, because He has bestowed all His heavenly gifts on the most holy Virgin ... the Church of God has wisely added prayers and an invocation addressed to the most holy Mother of God ... we should earnestly implore her help and assistance; for that she possesses exalted merits with God, and that she is most desirous to assist us by her prayers, no one can doubt without impiety and wickedness." [ [http://www.cin.org/users/james/ebooks/master/trent/tpray0.htm The Catechism of the Council of Trent, Part IV] ]

The current Latin version is thus as follows (the macrons are given for pronunciation only and do not occur in the Latin language):
[
Latin.] :Avē Marīa, grātia plēna, Dominus tēcum. Benedicta tū in mulieribus, et benedictus frūctus ventris tuī, Iēsus. [With Pope John XXIII's [http://www.musicasacra.com/pdf/missale62.pdf edition] of the Roman Missal, the use of the letter J in printing Latin was dropped even in liturgical books, which had preserved that usage long after it ceased in the printing of ordinary Latin texts, including documents of the Holy See.] :Sancta Marīa, Māter Deī, ōrā prō nōbīs peccātōribus, nunc et in hōrā mortis nostræ. Āmēn.::"Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with thee; blessed art thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of thy womb, Jesus."::"Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at the hour of our death. Amen."

For translations from the Latin into various languages, see [http://wikisource.org/wiki/Hail_Mary Wikisource.]

The prayer in Syriac Orthodox tradition

The Syriac Orthodox Church uses a version of the Hail Mary much closer to the current Western form than to the Greek version.

The prayer is said in the following manner: [ [http://sor.cua.edu/Liturgy/SimplePrayer/Qawmo.html Qawmo (For prayers of all canonical hours)] ]

*"Leader:" Hail Mary, full of grace,
*"People:" Our Lord is with Thee. Blessed art Thou among women, and blessed is the fruit of Thy womb, our Lord, Jesus Christ. O Virgin Saint Mary, O Mother of God, pray for us sinners, now and at all times, and at the hour of our death. Amen.

Usage in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches

In the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, the prayer is very common in the Greek form indicated above, or in translations from it. Although it is not said quite as often as in the West, it is well known, oft-used, and appears in several canons of prayer. It is typically sung thrice at the end of Vespers during an All-Night Vigil, as well as occurring many times in the course of daily prayer.

Variant Slavonic versions

There exist two variant versions in Church Slavonic:

:Богородице дѣво радѹйсѧ:ωбрадованнаѧ Марїе:Господь съ тобою:благословена ты въ женахъ,:и благословенъ плодъ чрева твоегω,:Якω родила еси Христа Спаса,:Избавителѧ дѹшамъ нашимъ.::"Theotokos Virgin, rejoice," (or, "Rejoice, O Virgin Theotokos") ::"Mary full of grace,::"the Lord is with thee.::"Blessed art thou among women,::"and blessed is the fruit of thy womb,::"for thou hast borne Christ the Saviour, ::"the Deliverer of our souls."

:Богородице дѣво, радѹйсѧ,:Благодатнаѧ Марїе,:Господь съ тобою::благословена Ты въ женахъ,:и благословенъ плодъ чрева Твоегω;:якω Спаса родила еси дѹшъ нашихъ.::"Theotokos Virgin, rejoice, " (or, "Rejoice, O Virgin Theotokos")::"Mary full of grace,::"The Lord is with thee.::"Blessed art thou among women,::"and blessed is the fruit of thy womb,::"for thou hast borne the Saviour of our souls"

The first is the older, and remains in use by the Old Believers as well as those who follow the Ruthenian recension (among them the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church and the Ruthenian Catholic Church). The second appeared in 1656 under the liturgical reforms of Patriarch Nikon of Moscow, and is in use by the Russian Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church).

Usage in the Roman Catholic Church

The Hail Mary is the essential element of the Rosary, a prayer method in use especially among Latin Rite (Western) Catholics, and that appears in the East only among Latinised Ukrainian and Maronite Catholics. It consists of four sets of five Mysteries. These meditate upon events of Jesus' life during his childhood (Joyful Mysteries), public ministry (Luminous Mysteries), Passion (Sorrowful Mysteries), and from his Resurrection onwards (Glorious Mysteries). The Luminous Mysteries are of comparatively recent origin, being added by Pope John Paul II in 2002. Each of these Mysteries is prayed as a decade (a unit of ten), consisting of one Our Father ("Pater Noster" or "The Lord's Prayer"), ten Hail Marys, and one 'Glory Be' ("Gloria Patri") (Doxology).

The Hail Mary is also the central part of the Angelus, a devotion generally recited thrice daily by many Catholics, as well as some Anglicans and Lutherans.

Anglican use of the Hail Mary

Anglo-Catholics also employ the Hail Mary in devotional practice. Traditional Anglo-Catholics use the prayer in much the same way as the Roman Catholics, including use of the Rosary and the recitation of the Angelus. Many Anglican churches contain statues of the Virgin Mary, and the faithful use devotional prayers including the Hail Mary. However there might be some variations in local usage, reflecting the differing theological leanings of the two bodies.

Musical settings

The Hail Mary or Ave Maria in Latin has been set to music numerous times. Among the most famous settings is the version by Charles Gounod (1859), adding melody and words to Johann Sebastian Bach's first prelude from the Well-Tempered Clavier. Antonín Dvoák's version was composed in 1877. Another setting of Ave Maria was written by Giuseppe Verdi for his 1887 opera "Otello". Russian composer César Cui, who was raised Roman Catholic, set the text at least three times: as the "Ave Maria," op. 34, for 1 or 2 women's voices with piano or harmonium (1886), and as part of two of his operas: "Le Flibustier" (premiered 1894) and "Mateo Falcone" (1907). Settings also exist by Mozart, Byrd, Elgar, Verdi, Saint-Saens, Rossini, Brahms and Perosi as well as numerous versions by less well-known composers, such as J.B. Tresch.

In Slavonic, the text was also a popular subject for setting to music by Eastern European composers. These include Rachmaninov, Stravinsky, Bortniansky and several others.

This text was also very often set by composers in the Renaissance, including Jacques Arcadelt, Josquin Desprez, Orlando di Lasso, and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. Before the Council of Trent there were actually different versions of the text, so the earlier composers in the period sometimes set versions of the text different from the ones shown above. Josquin Desprez, for example, himself set more than one version of the Ave Maria. Here is an example of a text set by Josquin which begins with the first six words above, but continues with a poem in rhymed couplets:

:Ave Maria, gratia plena, Dominus tecum, Virgo serena.

:Ave cuius conceptio,:solemni plena gaudio,:celestia, terrestria,:nova replet letitia.:Ave cuius nativitas,:nostra fuit solemnitas,:ut lucifer lux oriens:verum solem preveniens.:Ave pia humilitas,:sine viro fecunditas,

:cuius annunciatio:nostra fuit salvatio.:Ave vera virginitas,:immaculata castitas,:cuius purificatio:nostra fuit purgatio.:Ave preclara omnibus:angelicis virtutibus,:cuius fuit assumptio:nostra glorificatio.

:O Mater Dei, memento mei. Amen."

Franz Schubert's "Ellens dritter Gesang" (D839, Op 52 no 6, 1825) is often misidentified as "Schubert's "Ave Maria" because it opens with the greeting "Ave Maria" ("Hail Mary"), even though it is not a setting of the traditional Ave Maria prayer. The original text of Schubert's song is from Sir Walter Scott's "The Lady of the Lake" and was translated into German by Adam Storck. Adding to the confusion, the traditional Ave Maria prayer is often sung to Schubert's melody of "Ellens dritter Gesang"; and in Walt Disney's "Fantasia", the tune is used with yet another text beginning with the phrase.

Even though Protestant Christianity generally avoids any special veneration of Mary, access to the beautiful and culturally significant tradition of Marian music is facilitated by substitution texts. These texts are intended to replace the words of the standard "Ave Maria," preserving word boundaries and syllable stresses, so that music written for the former text can be sung with the latter. An example is the Christ-centric "Ave Redemptor":

:Ave redemptor, Domine Jesus::Cujus ob opus:Superatur mors, enim salvatio:Nunc inundavit super universam terram.::Sancte redemptor, reputata:Fides est nobis peccatoribus,:Nunc et in morte, ad iustitiam.

:ENGLISH TRANSLATION:Hail the Redeemer, Lord Jesus,:By whose work:Death is defeated, for salvation:Has now overflowed upon all of the world.::Holy redeemer, our faith:Is reckoned to us sinners,:Now and in death, as righteousness.

References

ee also

*Theotokos
*Marian devotions
*Mary, the mother of Jesus
*Catholic beliefs on the power of prayer
*Mariology, the theological study of Mary
*Prayer beads and prayer rope
*Marian apparitions
*Marian shrine
*Rosary
*Hail Mary pass

External links

* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-5551936406336019531 Ave Maria on video/audio sung by Sharon Janis]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07110b.htm "Catholic Encyclopedia" 1910:] Hail Mary
* [http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p4s1c2a2.htm#2676 Brief commentary on the Hail Mary from the Catechism of the Catholic Church]
* [http://www.lcms.org/ca/www/cyclopedia/02/display.asp?t1=A&word=AVEMARIA Ave Maria] article in Christian Cyclopedia
* [http://www.ni.bekkoame.ne.jp/je1emu/Sacred-e.html Various Ave Maria hymn] Ave Maria(MIDI by JE1EMU)
* [http://www.udayton.edu/mary/resources/flhm.html Text of the "Hail Mary" in many foreign languages]