Amasra

Amasra (pop. 7000; anciently called Amastris) is a small Black Sea port town in the Bartın Province, Turkey. The town is today much appreciated for its beaches and natural setting, which has made tourism the most important activity for its inhabitants.

Amasra has two islands: the bigger one is called Büyük ada (Great Island) while the smaller one is called Tavsan adası (Rabbit Island).

History

Situated in the ancient region of Paphlagonia, the original city seems to have been called Sesamus, and it is mentioned by Homer [Homer, "Iliad", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134&layout=&loc=2.850 ii. 853] ] in conjunction with Cytorus. StephanusStephanus, "Ethnica", s.v. "Amastris"] says that it was originally called Cromna; but in another place, [Ibid., s.v. "Cromna"] where he repeats the statement, he adds, as it is said; but some say that Cromna is a small place in the territory of Amastris, which is the true account. The place derived its name Amastris from Amastris, the niece of the last Persian king Darius III, who was the wife of Dionysius, tyrant of Heraclea, and after his death the wife of Lysimachus. Four small Ionian colonies, Sesamus, Cytorus, Cromna, also mentioned in the "Iliad", [Homer, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134&layout=&loc=2.850 ii. 855] ] and Tium, were combined by Amastris, after her separation from Lysimachus, [Memnon, "History of Heraclea", [http://www.attalus.org/translate/memnon1.html#5 5] , [http://www.attalus.org/translate/memnon1.html#9 9] ] to form the new community of Amastris, placed on a small river of the same name and occupying a peninsula. [Strabo, "Geography", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=section%3D%23961&chunk=section xii. 3] ] Tium, says Strabo, soon detached itself from the community, but the rest kept together, and Sesamus was the acropolis of Amastris. From this it appears that Amastris was really a confederation or union of three places, and that Sesamus was the name of the city on the peninsula. This may explain the fact that Mela [Pomponius Mela, "De chorographia", [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/pomponius1.html i. 93] ] mentions Sesamus and Cromna as cities of Paphlagonia, and does not mention Amastris. [Pliny the Elder, "Natural History", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137&layout=&loc=6.2 vi. 2] ]

The territory of Amastris produced a great quantity of boxwood, which grew on Mount Cytorus. Its tyrant Eumenes presented the city of Amastris to Ariobarzanes of Pontus in c. 265–260 BC rather than submit it to domination by Heraclea, and it remained in the Pontic kingdom until its capture by Lucius Lucullus in 70 BC in the second Mithridatic War. [Appian, "The Foreign Wars", "The Mithridatic Wars", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0230&query=section%3D%23561&chunk=section 82] ] The younger Pliny, when he was governor of Bithynia and Pontus, describes Amastris, in a letter to Trajan, [Pliny the Younger, "Letters", x. 99] as a handsome city, with a very long open place ("platea"), on one side of which extended what was called a river, but in fact was a filthy, pestilent, open drain. Pliny obtained the emperor's permission to cover over this sewer. On a coin of the time of Trajan, Amastris has the title Metropolis. It continued to be a town of some note to the seventh century of our era.

The city was not abandoned in Byzantine Era, when the acropolis was transformed into a fortress and the still surviving church was built. It was sacked by the Rus during the First Russo-Byzantine War in the 830s. But it was in 1261 that Amastris regained part of its former importance; in that year the town was taken by the Italian city-state of Genoa in its bid to obtain sole control of the Black Sea trade. Genoese domination ended in 1460 when the Ottoman Sultan Mehmed II conquered the whole Anatolian shores of the Black Sea, forcing its inhabitants to move to Istanbul. The Greeks were replaced with Turkish villagers and the church became a mosque, the town losing most of its former importance.

Features

With its rich architectural heritage, Amasra is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions [http://www.historic-towns.org/documents/members/turkey.doc] .

References

* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01380d.htm "Amastris"] from the "Catholic Encyclopedia" (1913)
*Richard Stillwell, William L. MacDonald, Marian Holland McAllister (editors); " [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006&layout=&loc=&query=toc The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites] ", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0006&query=head%3D%23155 "Amastris"] , Princeton, (1976)
*Smith, William (editor); "Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography", [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0064%3Aid%3Damastris "Amastris"] , London, (1854)

Notes

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