Lucien Bouchard

Infobox Prime Minister
honorific-prefix = The Honourable
name = Lucien Bouchard
honorific-suffix = PC GOQ LLB BSoc
small

caption = Lucien Bouchard with his (now estranged) wife Audrey Best
birth_date = birth date and age |1938|12|22
birth_place = Saint-Coeur-de-Marie, Quebec, Canada
residence =
death_date =
death_place =
order = 27th
office = Premier of Quebec
term_start = January 26, 1996
| term_end = March 8, 2001
lieutenant_governor = Martial Asselin, Jean-Louis Roux, Lise Thibault
predecessor = Jacques Parizeau
successor = Bernard Landry
party = Parti Québécois
otherparty = Progressive Conservative
Bloc Québécois
religion =
spouse = Audrey Best
profession = Lawyer

Lucien Bouchard PC GOQ (born December 22, 1938) is a Quebec lawyer, diplomat and politician. He was the Leader of Opposition in the Canadian House of Commons from 1993 to 1996, and Premier of Quebec from January 29, 1996 to March 8, 2001. He became a central figure for the "oui" side in the 1995 Quebec referendum.

He is the brother of noted historian Gérard Bouchard, and a recipient of the title of "Commander" of the French Legion of Honour. [ [http://canadagazette.gc.ca/partI/2002/20020928/html/house-e.html Canada Gazette] ]

Biography

Origins

Bouchard graduated from Jonquière Classical College in 1959, and obtained a Bachelor's degree in social science and a law degree at Université Laval in 1964. He was called to the Quebec bar later that year.

He practised law in Chicoutimi until 1985, while being given many charges as a public servant over the years: president of the arbitration committee for the education sector (1970 to 1976), prosecutor in chief for the commission for labour and industry (Cliché commission -- 1974 to 1975), co-president of the study commission on the public and parapublic sectors (Martin-Bouchard commission — 1975). From then, he acted as a coordinator or member of many special teams on behalf of Quebec's government in the trade union negotiations for the public sector.

Early years in politics and diplomacy

Bouchard's relationship with politics is a complex one, as he affiliated himself over the years with various political parties with highly diverging ideologies, going as far as founding one, the Bloc Québécois.

Bouchard has been a Quebec nationalist during his entire political career; his convictions as a Canadian federalist or a Quebec sovereignist have varied. Contrary to popular belief he did not work for the federalist Liberal Party of Quebec's campaign of 1970, but was deeply shaken by the events of Quebec's October Crisis, especially by Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's imposition of the War Measures Act. At the same time, he was a great admirer of Premier René Lévesque, often quoting him in speeches.

Bouchard worked with the "Yes" side during the 1980 Quebec referendum on sovereignty. In 1984 Brian Mulroney, Bouchard's close friend from law school days at Université Laval, became Canadian Prime Minister. Mulroney would go on to ask Bouchard to serve in various official capacities, including (in 1985) as Canadian ambassador to France. Despite being sympathetic to the sovereigntist cause, Bouchard joined Mulroney's Progressive Conservative government in 1988 as Secretary of State and later Minister of the Environment, serving until 1990. While still a strong Quebec nationalist, he believed that Mulroney's Meech Lake Accord was sufficient to placate nationalist feelings and keep Quebec in confederation.

However, after a commission headed by Jean Charest recommended some changes to the Accord, Bouchard left the Progressive Conservatives (May 1990), feeling that the spirit and objectives of Meech were being diluted. Mulroney felt betrayed by Bouchard, and rejected his reasoning, having heard from a friend that Bouchard planned on leaving days before the Commission's report. In fact, in his memoirs Mulroney stated that trusting Bouchard was his most regretful and costliest mistake as Prime Minister. After the failure of Meech, Bouchard formed the sovereigntist Bloc Québécois, initially a faction of disaffected, separatist federal MPs and later a full-blown party, which attracted a variety of former Liberals and Conservatives.

The Parti Québécois campaigned for the Bloc in the 1993 federal election in order to prepare Quebec for sovereignty, according to the Three Periods strategy of PQ leader Jacques Parizeau. In this election, the Bloc Québécois won 54 out of 75 ridings in Quebec, the second-most populous province in Canada. Despite having essentially ran candidates only in Quebec, the Bloc's strong showing in that province was enough to win the second-most seats in the country's federal election. This made Bouchard the first separatist leader of the Opposition in the history of Canada.

Bouchard was still serving in that capacity in Ottawa, and working closely with the provincial Parti Québécois to bring about the independence of Quebec, when he lost a leg to necrotizing fasciitis ("flesh-eating disease") in December 1994.

Referendum on sovereignty

In 1995, Bouchard signed, as Bloc leader, a tripartite agreement with Parti Québécois leader Jacques Parizeau and Action démocratique leader Mario Dumont, which mapped the way to the referendum on independence. He was instrumental in convincing Parizeau to include a plan of association with Canada in the referendum question. He campaigned with the other two leaders for the Yes side. Quebec premier Jacques Parizeau first led the Yes campaign but, as support for sovereignty began to plateau, Bouchard was given the official leadership.

The referendum was narrowly defeated by a majority vote of 50.58% to 49.42%.

Premier of Quebec

After the Yes side lost the 1995 referendum, Parizeau resigned as Quebec premier. Bouchard resigned his seat in Parliament in 1996, and became the leader of the Parti Québécois and premier of Quebec.

On the matter of sovereignty, while in office, he stated that no new referendum would be held, at least for the time being. A main concern of the Bouchard government, considered part of the necessary "conditions gagnantes" ("winning conditions" for the feasibility of a new referendum on sovereignty), was economic recovery through the achievement of "zero deficit". Long-term Keynesian policies resulting from the "Quebec model", developed by both PQ governments in the past and the previous Liberal government had left a substantial deficit in the provincial budget.

Retirement

Bouchard retired from politics in 2001, and was replaced as Quebec premier by Bernard Landry. He stated that his relative failure to revive the sovereignist flame was a cause of his departure, something for which he took responsibility. Others have speculated that the Michaud Affair, regarding allegedly anti-Semitic comments by Parti Québécois candidate Yves Michaud, was another factor favouring Bouchard's departure. Bouchard also faced criticism by the hard liners of his own party for failing to engage the province in a third, decisive referendum on sovereignty.

Since then, he has returned to practising law by becoming a partner at Davies Ward Phillips & Vineberg, where he specializes in commercial and corporate law. He has served as a negotiator in high-profile labour and commercial disputes, most recently for Olymel and the Societe des alcools du Québec (Quebec Liquor Board) during a strike that lasted six months. He is chairman of the Montreal Symphony Orchestra and sits on the board of Transcontinental G.T.C. Limited, Saputo Inc., Groupe BMTC and Groupe Conseil Dessau-Soprin. In April 2004, he helped launch the Centre for International Studies of the Université de Montréal (CÉRIUM), of which he is a board member. He recently separated from Audrey Best (born 1960), a California-born airline stewardess he married after meeting her on an international flight. They have two children, Alexandre and Simon.

On October 19, 2005, Bouchard and eleven other Quebecers of different backgrounds and political aspirations published a manifesto entitled "Pour un Quebec lucide" ("For a clear-eyed vision of Quebec"). The manifesto warned Quebec's aging population about the challenges the future poses, demographically, economically and culturally. It made a certain impression on the Parti Québécois leadership race of 2005, getting mixed reactions. It was well received in other quarters, receiving praise on the editorial page of "The Globe and Mail".

Nearly a year later on October 16, 2006 Bouchard declared to TVA news reporter Paul Larocque, that the population of the province is not working enough and that it should be more productive in order to produce more resources for the population. He also added that his generation had contracted 75% of the province's current debt and that the future generations should not be handling the burden of paying for the previous ones. [ [http://lcn.canoe.com/infos/national/archives/2006/10/20061016-172121.html "Un an après «Pour un Quebec lucide»" Interview with Paul Larocque. LCN, 16 October 2006] ]

Controversy

Not long before the 1995 referendum, Bouchard drew considerable ire when he said on October 14th, 1995, "We're one of the white races that has the fewest children." Liza Frulla, former Quebec culture minister commented, "We were shocked and hurt by Mr. Bouchard's various comments over the weekend. ... He is insulting our intelligence." [Allan Thompson, Toronto Star, Tuesday, October 17, 1995, p. A8]

Legacy

His government implemented some controversial policies, including cuts to the province's health care spending in order to balance the deficitary provincial budget, and the amalgamation of Quebec's larger cities undertaken by his successor Bernard Landry. Also, some have criticized him for not pushing forward on the sovereignty issue during his time in office. These hard line "purs et durs" independentists were a problem for his leadership, notably due to the strongly decentralised structure of the Parti Québécois. Other aspects of his legacy include the creation of a low-cost, universal public daycare system, the birth of "Emploi Québec", and achieving a balanced budget. He is remembered for his sometimes "short fuse" when provoked and his unforgiving demands for excellence in those he worked with, but also for his charm and eloquence, and was appreciated as a formidable foe by his political adversaries. Bouchard stated that he will not return to politics. [ [http://lcn.canoe.com/lcn/infos/national/archives/2006/05/20060512-114538.html "«La porte reste fermée»" LCN, 12 May 2006.] ]

Quotes

*More than ever, it will be imperative to remind all that the sovereignist way is one of generosity, of tolerance, and openness.
**"Plus que jamais, il faudra rappeler que la démarche souverainiste en est une de générosité, de tolérance, et d'ouverture."Fact|date=June 2007

*The people of Quebec possess all the assets to achieve an enviable place in the concert of nations (i.e., the international community). At the only condition of repatriating all of its public resources, rather than dispersing them on two conflicting fronts.
**"Le peuple québécois possède tous les atouts pour se tailler une place enviable dans le concert des nations. À la seule condition de rapatrier toutes ses ressources publiques, plutôt que de les disperser sur deux fronts conflictuels."Fact|date=June 2007

*Interview with TVA reporter Paul Larocque on October 16, 2006: [ [http://lcn.canoe.com/infos/national/archives/2006/10/20061016-172121.html "Un an après «Pour un Quebec lucide»" Interview with Paul Larocque. LCN, 16 October 2006] ]
*There is a certain distress, a certain stagnation [in Quebec] . It is a comfort which is dangerous, because it holds the future for us which will not be comfortable and which will be very very difficult. (...)The great project of Quebec of tomorrow, it should be conceived
**"Il y a un certain désarroi, un certain sur-place [au Québec] . C'est un confort qui est dangereux, parce qu'il nous réserve des lendemains qui ne seront pas confortables, qui vont être très très difficiles. (…) Le grand projet du Québec de demain, il faut le concevoir."

*"During the referendum campaign, October 14, 1995:"

*There is something magical about a Yes vote. "With a wave of our magic wand", we will stir up a feeling of solidarity among Quebecers.
**"Le oui a quelque chose de magique. D'un coup de baguette, nous allons provoquer la solidarité des Québécois."Fact|date=June 2007

Elections as party leader

He won the 1998 election and resigned in 2001.

Honours

*Member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada
*125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal (1992)
*Queen Elizabeth II Golden Jubilee Medal (2002) [http://gg.ca/honours/search-recherche/index_e.asp?results=1&Lastname=Bouchard&TypeID=jubilee&pg=2&npp=25]
*Commander of the Legion of Honour (2002)
* Grand Commander of the National Order of Quebec (2008)

Notes

References

In English

* Marsh, James. " [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0000899 Bouchard, Lucien] ", in "The Canadian Encyclopedia". Historica Foundation, 2008
* Martin, Lawrence (1997). "The Antagonist: Lucien Bouchard and the Politics of Delusion", Toronto: Viking, 356 p.
* Cornellier, Manon (1995). "The Bloc", Toronto: James Lorimer & Co., 180 p. [translated by Robert Chodos, Simon Horn and Wanda Taylor]
* Bouchard, Lucien (1994). "On the Record", Toronto : Stoddart, 288 p. [translated by Dominique Clift]

In French

* Côté, André-Philippe and David, Michel (2001). "Les années Bouchard", Sillery: Septentrion, 168 p.
* Vastel, Michel (1996). "Lucien Bouchard : en attendant la suite", Outremont: Lanctôt, 1996, 253 p.
* Bouchard, Lucien (1996). "Lucien Bouchard mot à mot", Montreal: Stanké, 384 p. [prepared by Rémi Maillard]
* Bouchard, Lucien (1992). "À visage découvert", Montreal: Boréal, 377 p.
* " [http://www.vigile.net/+-Bouchard-Lucien-+ Bouchard, Lucien] ", dossier in "Vigile.net", 2008
* " [http://agora.qc.ca/mot.nsf/Dossiers/Lucien_Bouchard Lucien Bouchard] ", dossier in "L'Encyclopédie de L'Agora", updated May 25, 2006
* Beauregard, Denis. " [http://www.francogene.com/genealogie/politiciens/bouchard.php Généalogie de Lucien Bouchard] ", in "FrancoGene", 2003
* Duguay, Nicolas. " [http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/dossiers/tetes/bouchard/index.html Lucien Bouchard] ", in "Radio-Canada.ca", 2001

See also

*List of Quebec premiers
*Nicknames of Quebec premiers
*Quebec sovereignty movement
*History of Quebec
*Politics of Quebec
*Politics of Canada

External links

Analysis

* [http://cbc.ca/national/real/mckenna_bouchard.ram CBC report on Bouchard's life and career]

Biographies

* [http://www.assnat.qc.ca/fra/membres/notices/b/BOUCL.htm National Assembly biography] fr icon
* [http://agora.qc.ca/mot.nsf/Dossiers/Lucien_Bouchard Agora biography] fr icon
* [http://bilan.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/pages/biographies/100.html Bilan du Siècle biography] fr icon
* [http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/bio.asp?Language=E&query=502&s=M Federal Political Biography from the Library of Parliament]
* [http://www.cerium.ca/article355.html Lucien Bouchard page at CÉRIUM]