Monoamine oxidase inhibitor

Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
"MAOI" redirects here. For the Easter Island statues, see Moai.
Monoamine oxidase

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are a class of antidepressant drugs prescribed for the treatment of depression. They are particularly effective in treating atypical depression.

Because of potentially lethal dietary and drug interactions, monoamine oxidase inhibitors have historically been reserved as a last line of treatment, used only when other classes of antidepressant drugs (for example selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants) have failed.[1] However, a transdermal patch form of the MAOI selegiline, called Emsam, was approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States on February 28, 2006.[2]

Contents

Indications

In the past, MAOIs were prescribed for those resistant to tricyclic antidepressant therapy,[citation needed] but newer reversible MAOIs such as selegiline and moclobemide provide a safer alternative[3] and are now sometimes used as first-line therapy, although these substances are not always as effective as their predecessors.

MAOI's have been found to be effective in the treatment of panic disorder with agoraphobia, social phobia, atypical depression or mixed anxiety and depression, bulimia, posttraumatic stress disorder as well as borderline personality disorder. There are reports of MAOI efficacy in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), trichotillomania, dysmorphophobia and avoidant personality disorder; however these reports are from uncontrolled case reports.[3]

MAOIs can also be used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease by targeting MAO-B in particular (therefore affecting dopaminergic neurons), as well as providing an alternative for migraine prophylaxis. Inhibition of both MAO-A and MAO-B is used in the treatment of clinical depression and anxiety.

MAOIs appear to be particularly indicated for out- patients with "neurotic depression" complicated by panic disorder or hysteroid dysphoria, which involves repeated episodes of depressed mood in response to feeling rejected.[4]

Mode of action

MAOIs act by inhibiting the activity of monoamine oxidase, thus preventing the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters and thereby increasing their availability. There are two isoforms of monoamine oxidase, MAO-A and MAO-B. MAO-A preferentially deaminates serotonin, melatonin, epinephrine and norepinephrine. MAO-B preferentially deaminates phenylethylamine and trace amines. Dopamine is equally deaminated by both types. Many formulations have forms of fluoride attached to assist in permeating the blood-brain barrier, which is suspected as a factor in pineal gland effects.

Reversibility

The early MAOIs inhibited monoamine oxidase irreversibly. When they react with monoamine oxidase, they permanently deactivate it, and the enzyme cannot function until it has been replaced by the body, which can take about two weeks. A few newer MAOIs, notably moclobemide, are reversible, meaning that they are able to detach from the enzyme to facilitate usual catabolism of the substrate. The level of inhibition in this way is governed by the concentrations of the substrate and the MAOI.

Harmaline found in Peganum harmala, as well as the Ayahuasca vine, Banisteriopsis caapi and tobacco is a reversible inhibitor of MAO-A (RIMA).[5]

Selectivity

In addition to reversibility, MAOIs differ by their selectivity of the MAO receptor. Some MAOIs inhibit both MAO-A and MAO-B equally, other MAOIs have been developed to target one over the other.

MAO-A inhibition reduces the breakdown of primarily serotonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine and thus has a higher risk of serotonin syndrome and/or a hypertensive crisis. Tyramine is broken down by MAO-A (and MAO-B), therefore inhibiting its action may result in excessive build-up of it, so diet must be monitored for tyramine intake.

MAO-B inhibition reduces the breakdown mainly of dopamine and phenethylamine so there are no dietary restrictions associated with this. MAO-B would also metabolize tyramine, as the only differences dopamine, phenethylamine, and tyramine are two phenylhydroxyl groups on carbons 3 and 4. The 4-OH would not be a steric hindrance to MAO-B on tyramine.[6] Two MAO-Bi drugs, selegiline and rasagiline have been approved by the FDA without dietary restrictions, except in high dosage treatment where they lose their selectivity.[2][7]

Dangers

When ingested orally, MAOIs inhibit the catabolism of dietary amines. When foods containing tyramine are consumed (so-called "cheese effect"), the individual may suffer from hypertensive crisis. If foods containing tryptophan are consumed, hyperserotonemia may result. The amount required to cause a reaction varies greatly from individual to individual, and depends on the degree of inhibition, which in turn depends on dosage and selectivity.

The exact mechanism by which tyramine causes a hypertensive reaction is not well understood, but it is assumed that tyramine displaces norepinephrine from the storage vesicles.[8] This may trigger a cascade in which excessive amounts of norepinephrine can lead to a hypertensive crisis. Another theory suggests that proliferation and accumulation of catecholamines causes hypertensive crisis [9]

Tyrosine is the precursor to catecholamines, not tyramine. Tyramine is a breakdown product of tyrosine. In the gut and during fermentation tyrosine, an amino acid, is decarboxylated to tyramine. Ordinarily, tyramine is deaminated in the liver to an inactive metabolite, but when the hepatic MAO (primarily MAO-A) is inhibited, the "first-pass" clearance of tyramine is blocked and circulating tyramine levels can climb. Elevated tyramine competes with tyrosine for transport across the blood-brain barrier (via aromatic amino acid transport) where it can then enter adrenergic nerve terminals. Once in the cytoplasmic space, tyramine will be transported via the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) into synaptic vesicles thereby displacing norepinephrine. The mass transfer of norepinephrine from its vesicular storage space into the extracellular space via mass action can precipitate the hypertensive crisis. Hypertensive crises can sometimes result in stroke or cardiac arrhythmia if not treated. This risk is generally not present with RIMAs. Both kinds of intestinal MAO inhibition can cause hyperpyrexia, nausea, and psychosis if foods high in levodopa are consumed.

Examples of foods and drinks with potentially high levels of tyramine include liver and fermented substances, such as alcoholic beverages and aged cheeses.[10] (See a list of foods containing tyramine). Examples of levodopa-containing foods include broad beans. These diet restrictions are not necessary for those taking selective MAO-B inhibitors, unless these are being taken in high dosages, as mentioned above.

It deserves separate mention that some meat extracts and yeast extracts (Bovril, Marmite, Vegemite) contain extremely high levels of tyramine, and should not be used with these medications.

When MAOIs were first introduced, these risks were not known, and over the following four decades, fewer than 100 people have died from hypertensive crisis.[citation needed] Presumably due to the sudden onset and violent appearance of the reaction, MAOIs gained a reputation for being so dangerous that, for a while, they were taken off the market in America entirely. It is now known that, used as directed under the care of a qualified psychiatrist, this class of drugs remains a safe alternative for intermediate- to long-term use.

The most significant risk associated with the use of MAOIs, is the potential for interactions with over-the-counter and prescription medicines, illicit drugs or medications, and some supplements (e.g. St. John's Wort). It is vital that a doctor supervise such combinations to avoid adverse reactions. For this reason, many users carry an MAOI-card, which lets emergency medical personnel know what drugs to avoid. (E.g. adrenaline dosage should be reduced by 75%, and duration is extended.)[10] The risk of MAOI medications interacting with other drugs or certain foods is particularly dangerous because those on the medication who would have to restrict their diets often are depressed patients who "don't care if they live or die."[11]

MAOIs should not be combined with other psychoactive substances (antidepressants, painkillers, stimulants, both legal and illegal etc.) except under expert care. Certain combinations can cause lethal reactions, common examples including SSRIs, tricyclics, MDMA, meperidine,[12] tramadol, and dextromethorphan[citation needed]. Agents with actions on epinephrine, norepinephrine or dopamine must be administered at much lower doses due to potentiation and prolonged effect.

Nicotine, a substance frequently implicated in tobacco addiction, is not significantly addictive when administered alone.[13] The addictive potential manifests itself after co-administration of an MAOI, which specifically causes sensitization of the locomotor response in rats, a measure of addictive potential.[14] This may be reflected in the difficulty of smoking cessation, as tobacco contains a naturally-occurring MAOI in addition to the nicotine.

Withdrawal

Antidepressants including MAOIs have some dependence producing effects, most notably a withdrawal syndrome[clarification needed], which may be severe especially if MAOIs are discontinued abruptly or over-rapidly. However, the dependence producing potential of MAOIs or antidepressants in general is not as significant as benzodiazepines. For example, antidepressants have significantly less abuse potential than benzodiazepines. Withdrawal symptoms can be managed by a gradual reduction in dosage over a period of weeks or months to minimize or prevent withdrawal symptoms.[15]

MAOIs, as with any antidepressant medications, do not alter the course of the disorder, so it is possible that discontinuation can return the patient to the pre-treatment state.[16]

This consideration greatly complicates switching a patient between a MAOI and a SSRI, because it is necessary to clear the system completely of one drug before starting another. If one also tapers dosage gradually, the result is that for weeks a depressed patient will have to bear the depression without chemical help during the drug-free interval. This may be preferable to risking the effects of an interaction between the two drugs, but it is often not easy[citation needed].

Interactions

The MAOIs are infamous for their numerous drug interactions. Unless the interaction is desired, any drug that falls within the following classifications should be avoided:

  • Substances that are metabolized by monoamine oxidase as they can be boosted by up to several fold.
  • Substances that increase serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine activity, as too much of any of these neurochemicals can result in severe acute consequences, including serotonin syndrome, hypertensive crisis, and psychosis, respectively.

Such substances include:

It is recommended by the FDA to contact a physician or pharmacist before taking any drug while on an MAOI.

List of MAOIs

  • Antiparasitic
    • Invertebrate MAO Inhibitors
      • Amitraz antiparasitic used in animals for ticks, mites (sarcoptes, demodex) and lice. Used on plants as an insecticide against mites, aphids, etc.

Various tryptamine and phenethylamine/amphetamine derivatives such as αET, αMT, amphetamine (itself), methamphetamine, MDMA, 4-MTA, PMA, 2C-T-7, and 2C-T-21 may also have weak to strong MAOI effects at high doses. Many other unlisted hydrazines like hydrazine (itself), monomethylhydrazine, and phenylhydrazine have some MAOI properties as well.

Cultural references

  • In the episode "The Late Shift" of the TV detective drama Castle, Bobby Mann was taking an MAO inhibitor. His killer used this fact to trigger a negative interaction with the drug, leading Bobby's death through what seemed to be a normal heart attack.
  • In the episode "Cut" of Law & Order, a surgeon prescribes painkillers that interact with an MAOI a patient was taking, leading to her death. He tries to cover up the mistake by erasing part of "NARDIL" (listed on the medications history by the patient) to "NA" (presumed "Not Applicable"). After the coroner detailed how reactions should be known to all doctors, the issue became that of which a civil, malpractice, or criminal complaint is then appropriate.
  • The pilot episode of Law and Order was similar to an actual event. Journalist Sidney Zion questioned the sudden death of his daughter Libby Zion at an ER room in Manhattan on Oct 4 1984. The cause of death was attributed to "mysterious infection".[27][28][29] The father convinced authorities to launch a criminal investigation when it was discovered that several medications, including Demerol, were administered to his daughter, reacting with her Nardil medications. The DA sought charges of murder against a doctor, which approved use of restraints and narcotics when Libby became increasingly agitated.[30] The case prompted many reforms in graduate medical education and limiting number of hours staff can work.[31] Drug abuse was successfully argued as a major factor leading to her death.[32]

See also

References

  1. ^ Mayo Clinic Staff, "Depression (major depression): Treatment and drugs"
  2. ^ a b "FDA Approves Emsam (Selegiline) as First Drug Patch for Depression." (Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. 2006-02-28. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/2006/ucm108607.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-19. 
  3. ^ a b Liebowitz MR, Hollander E, Schneier F, et al. (1990). "Reversible and irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitors in other psychiatric disorders". Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 360: 29–34. PMID 2248064. 
  4. ^ http://www.psycom.net/hysteroid.html Dowson, JH (1987). "MAO inhibitors in mental disease: their current status. [Review]". Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementum 23: 121–38. 
  5. ^ Edward J. Massaro, Handbook of Neurotoxicology
  6. ^ ScienceDirect - Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics : Structural insights into the mechanism of amine oxidation by monoamine oxidases A and B
  7. ^ BLTC Research [1] (2006). "Rasagiline: a neuroprotective smart drug?". The Good Drug Guide. http://www.elitenetpharmacy.com/pd_azilect.cfm. Retrieved 2007-12-02. "At dosages above around 2 mg per day, rasagiline loses its selectivity for MAO type B and also inhibits MAO type A. An MAO-B selective regimen does not cause significant tyramine potentiation, the dreaded 'cheese effect' common to users of older unselective and irreversible MAOIs who eat tyramine-rich foods. Thus low-dosage rasagiline demands no special dietary restrictions." 
  8. ^ Jacob, Giris; Gamboa, Alfredo; Diedrich, André; Shibao, Cyndya; Robertson, David; Biaggioni, Italo (August 2005). "Tyramine-Induced Vasodilation Mediated by Dopamine Contamination: A Paradox Resolved". Hypertension (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins) 46 (2): 358. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000172353.62657.8b. PMID 15967868. http://pt.wkhealth.com/pt/re/hyper/pdfhandler.00004268-200508000-00023.pdf. Retrieved 2007-12-02. "Tyramine displaces norepinephrine from neuronal vesicles into the axoplasm, and it is likely that some of it is converted to DHPG, and only a portion reaches the circulation." 
  9. ^ A.J Giannini. Psychotropic Drug Overdose. In M.E. Keshavan,J.S. Jennedy. (eds) Drug-Induced Dysfunction in Psychiatry. NY, Hemisphere Publishing,1992, pg. 41. ISBN 0-89116-961-X
  10. ^ a b Mosher, Clayton James, and Scott Akins. Drugs and Drug Policy : The Control of Consciousness Alteration. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 2007.
  11. ^ Kramer, Peter D. Listening to Prozac. New York, N.Y., U.S.A.: Viking, 1993.
  12. ^ Pharmacology from H.P. Rang, M.M. Dale, J.M. Ritter, P.K. Moore, year 2003, chapter 38
  13. ^ Guillem K, Vouillac C, Azar MR, et al. (September 2005). "Monoamine oxidase inhibition dramatically increases the motivation to self-administer nicotine in rats". J. Neurosci. 25 (38): 8593–600. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2139-05.2005. PMID 16177026. 
  14. ^ Villégier AS, Blanc G, Glowinski J, Tassin JP (September 2003). "Transient behavioral sensitization to nicotine becomes long-lasting with monoamine oxidases inhibitors". Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 76 (2): 267–74. doi:10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00223-5. PMID 14592678. 
  15. ^ van Broekhoven F, Kan CC, Zitman FG (June 2002). "Dependence potential of antidepressants compared to benzodiazepines". Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 26 (5): 939–43. doi:10.1016/S0278-5846(02)00209-9. PMID 12369270. 
  16. ^ Dobson, K. S.; et al. (2008). "Randomized Trial of Behavioral Activation, Cognitive Therapy, and Antidepressant Medication in the Prevention of Relapse and Recurrence in Major Depression". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 76 (3): 468–77. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.3.468. PMC 2648513. PMID 18540740. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=2648513. 
  17. ^ Tomas Herraiz, Carolina Chaparro. Human monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibition by coffee and β-carbolines norharman and harman isolated from coffee. Life Sciences. 2006;78(8):795–802. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.074.
  18. ^ Herraiza T, Gonzáleza D, Ancín-Azpilicuetac C, Aránb VJ, Guillén H. β-Carboline alkaloids in Peganum harmala and inhibition of human monoamine oxidase (MAO). Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2010;48(3):839–845. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.019. PMID 20036304.
  19. ^ Yong Nam Han, Shi Yong Ryu, Byung Hoon Han. Antioxidant activity of resveratrol closely correlates with its monoamine oxidase-A inhibitory activity. Archives of Pharmacal Research. 1990;13(2):132–135. doi:10.1007/BF02857789.
  20. ^ Ying Xu, Bao-Shan Ku, Hai-Yan Yao, Yan-Hua Lin, Xing Ma, Yong-He Zhang, Xue-Jun Li. The effects of curcumin on depressive-like behaviors in mice. European Journal of Pharmacology. 2005;518(1):40–46. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.06.002. PMID 15987635.
  21. ^ van Diermen D, Marston A, Bravo J, Reist M, Carrupt PA, Hostettmann K. Monoamine oxidase inhibition by Rhodiola rosea L. roots. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2009 Mar 18;122(2):397–401. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2009.01.007. PMID 19168123.
  22. ^ Stafford GI, Pedersen PD, Jäger AK, van Staden J. Monoamine oxidase inhibition by southern African traditional medicinal plants. South African Journal of Botany. 2007;73(3):384–390. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2007.03.001.
  23. ^ White HL, Scates PW, Cooper BR. Extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves inhibit monoamine oxidase. Life Science. 1996;58(16):1315–21. doi:10.1016/0024-3205(96)00097-5. PMID 8614288.
  24. ^ Shyh-Mirn Lin, Shih-Wei Wang, Su-Chen Ho, Ya-Li Tang. Protective effect of green tea (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate against the monoamine oxidase B enzyme activity increase in adult rat brains. Nutrition. 2010;26(11–12):1195–1200. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2009.11.022.
  25. ^ a b LD Konga, Christopher HK Chengb, RX Tan. Inhibition of MAO A and B by some plant-derived alkaloids, phenols and anthraquinones. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2004;91(2–3):351–355. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2004.01.013.
  26. ^ Hiroyuki Haraguchi, Yasumasa Tanaka, Amal Kabbash, Toshihiro Fujioka, Takashi Ishizu, Akira Yagi. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors from Gentiana lutea. Phytochemistry. 2004;65(15):2255–2260. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.06.025.
  27. ^ Zion v. New York Hospital, 1994
  28. ^ Court TV coverage, 1994
  29. ^ Lerner, Barron H. (November 8, 2006). "The case that shook medicine". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/24/AR2006112400985.html. 
  30. ^ Robert Morgenthau, Manhattan District Attorney May 1986
  31. ^ MTCMA Training manual "Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Fire Fighters and EMS Responders"
  32. ^ Robins, Natalie (1995). The Girl Who Died Twice. New York: Delacorte Press. ISBN 0385308094. 
v · d · eNeuromodulation
Types
Classes
see Enzyme inhibition
Calcium channel blocker (CCB) • Potassium channel blocker (PCB) • Sodium channel blocker (SCB) • Potassium channel opener (PCO)
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Miscellaneous
Cofactor (see Enzyme cofactors) • Precursor (see Amino acids)
v · d · ePharmacology: enzyme inhibition
Class
Substrate

1.1 Aldose reductase · HMG-CoA reductase

1.3 5-alpha-reductase

1.4 Monoamine oxidase

1.5 Dihydrofolate reductase

1.13 Lipoxygenase

1.14 Aromatase · COX-2

1.17 Xanthine oxidase · Ribonucleotide reductase

2.1 COMT · Thymidylate synthase

2.4 PARP

2.5 Dihydropteroate synthetase · Farnesyltransferase

2.6 GABA transaminase

2.7 Nucleotidyltransferase (Integrase, Reverse transcriptase) · Protein kinase (Tyrosine-kinase (Janus kinase))
Hydrolase (EC 3)
Lyase (EC 4)

4.1 Dopa decarboxylase

4.2 Carbonic anhydrase
v · d · eAnxiolytics (N05B)
GABAA PAMs
Abecarnil • Adipiplon • Alpidem • CGS-8216 • CGS-9896 • CGS-13767 • CGS-20625 • Divaplon • ELB-139 • Fasiplon • GBLD-345 • Gedocarnil • L-838,417 • NS-2664 • NS-2710 • Ocinaplon • Pagoclone • Panadiplon • Pipequaline • RWJ-51204 • SB-205,384 • SL-651,498 • Taniplon • TP-003 • TP-13 • TPA-023 • Y-23684 • ZK-93423
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Cartazolate • Etazolate • ICI-190,622 • Tracazolate
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Azapirones: Buspirone • Gepirone • Tandospirone; Others: Flesinoxan • Oxaflozane
H1 Antagonists
Diphenylmethanes: Captodiame • Hydroxyzine; Others: Brompheniramine • Chlorpheniramine • Pheniramine
CRH1 Antagonists
Antalarmin • CP-154,526 • Pexacerfont • Pivagabine
NK2 Antagonists
GR-159,897 • Saredutant
MCH1 antagonists
ATC-0175 • SNAP-94847
mGluR2/3 Agonists
mGluR5 NAMs
TSPO agonists
DAA-1097 • DAA-1106 • Emapunil • FGIN-127 • FGIN-143
σ1 agonists
Afobazole • Opipramol
Others
Benzoctamine • Carbetocin • Demoxytocin • Mephenoxalone • Mepiprazole • Oxanamide • Oxytocin • Promoxolane • Tofisopam • Trimetozine • WAY-267,464
#WHO-EM. ‡Withdrawn from market. Clinical trials: †Phase III. §Never to phase III

M: PSO/PSI

mepr

dsrd (o, p, m, p, a, d, s), sysi/epon, spvo

proc(eval/thrp), drug(N5A/5B/5C/6A/6B/6D)
v · d · eAntiparkinson agents (N04)
Dopaminergics
Etilevodopa • Droxidopa • Levodopa# • Melevodopa
DA receptor agonists
MAO-B inhibitors
Ladostigil • Lazabemide • Mofegiline • Pargyline • Rasagiline • Selegiline
Anticholinergics
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M: CNS

anat(n/s/m/p/4/e/b/d/c/a/f/l/g)/phys/devp

noco(m/d/e/h/v/s)/cong/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(N1A/2AB/C/3/4/7A/B/C/D)
v · d · eSympatholytic (and closely related) antihypertensives (C02)
Sympatholytics
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vasoconstriction)
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Bethanidine • Bretylium • Debrisoquine • Guanadrel • Guanazodine • Guanethidine • Guanoclor • Guanoxan • Guanazodine • Guanoxabenz • Guanoxan
Mecamylamine • Pentolinium • Trimethaphan
Peripheral
Indirect
MAOI
Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor
Direct
Non-selective α blocker
Other antagonists
dual (Bosentan) • selective (Ambrisentan, Sitaxentan)
#WHO-EM. ‡Withdrawn from market. Clinical trials: †Phase III. §Never to phase III

M: VAS

anat(a:h/u/t/a/l,v:h/u/t/a/l)/phys/devp/cell/prot

noco/syva/cong/lyvd/tumr, sysi/epon, injr

proc, drug(C2s+n/3/4/5/7/8/9)

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Look at other dictionaries:

  • monoamine-oxidase inhibitor — noun One of a class of drugs that allow the build up of serotonin in the brain, used to treat severe depression (abbrev MAOI) • • • Main Entry: ↑monoamine …   Useful english dictionary

  • Monoamine oxidase inhibitor — One of a potent class of medications used to treat depression. Abbreviated MAOI. * * * monoamine oxidase inhibitor n any of various antidepressant drugs which increase the concentration of monoamines in the brain by inhibiting the action of… …   Medical dictionary

  • monoamine oxidase inhibitor — noun Medicine any of a group of antidepressant drugs which inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase (so allowing accumulation of serotonin and noradrenaline in the brain) …   English new terms dictionary

  • monoamine oxidase inhibitor — noun any of a group of antidepressant drugs that inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase in the brain and so allow monoamines to accumulate • Syn: ↑MAOI • Hypernyms: ↑antidepressant, ↑antidepressant drug • Hyponyms: ↑iproclozide, ↑isocarboxazid,… …   Useful english dictionary

  • monoamine oxidase inhibitor — Pharm. any of various substances, as isocarboxazid and phenelzine, that block enzymatic breakdown of certain monoamine neurotransmitters: used to treat severe depression. Abbr.: MAOI Also called MAO inhibitor. [1960 65] * * * …   Universalium

  • monoamine oxidase inhibitor — mon′oamine′ ox′idase inhib itor n. pha any of various substances that block enzymatic breakdown of certain monoamine neurotransmitters and that are used to treat depression Abbr.: MAOI • Etymology: 1960–65 …   From formal English to slang

  • Monoamine oxidase — MAO redirects here. For other uses, see Mao (disambiguation). Monoamine oxidase Identifiers EC number 1.4.3.4 CAS number …   Wikipedia

  • Monoamine oxidase B — PDB rendering based on 1gos …   Wikipedia

  • monoamine oxidase — SYN: amine oxidase (flavin containing). * * * monoamine oxidase n an enzyme that deaminates monoamines oxidatively and that functions in the nervous system by breaking down monoamine neurotransmitters * * * (MAO) an enzyme that catalyses the… …   Medical dictionary

  • monoamine oxidase — MAO an enzyme that catalyses the oxidation of a large variety of monoamines, including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and serotonin. Monoamine oxidase is found in most tissues, particularly the liver and nervous system. Drugs that act as inhibitors… …   The new mediacal dictionary

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