Skin (computing)

In computing, skins may be associated with themes as custom graphical appearances (GUIs) that can be applied to certain software and websites in order to suit the different tastes of different users.

Software which is capable of having a skin applied is referred to as being skinnable, and the process of writing or applying such a skin is known as skinning. Applying a skin changes a piece of software's look and feel — some skins merely make the program more aesthetically pleasing, but others can rearrange elements of the interface, potentially making the program easier to use. Although often used simply as a synonym for "skin", the term "theme" normally refers to less-complex customisations, such as a set of icons and matching colour scheme for an operating system — notably, this is how the term was used in association with Windows 95 and Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95.

Common skinnable applications

Probably the most popular customised skins are for instant messaging clients and media players, such as Trillian and Winamp, due to the association with fun such programs try to encourage. However, in programs which use a cross-platform GUI toolkit, rather than using the standard interface for the operating system on which they are running, it is relatively easy to add functionality to alter this interface from within the program. For instance, both the Mozilla and Opera web browsers are skinnable because they take advantage of a cross-platform toolkit. In the case of Mozilla, the entire interface is written in XUL, CSS, and JavaScript. Those who know these languages are free to modify both its look and its behavior.

tandard interface

Of course, it is also possible to change the standard interface. Some platforms have inbuilt support for this, including most using the X Window System. For those that do not, there are usually programs that can add this functionality, like WindowBlinds for Microsoft Windows and ShapeShifter for Mac OS X.

Model-view-controller

Skinning is typically implemented with a Model-view-controller architecture, which allows for a flexible structure in which the interface is independent from and indirectly linked to application functionality, so the GUI can be easily customized. This allows the user to select or design a different skin at will, and also allows for more deep changes in the position and function of the interface elements.

Pros and cons

The benefit of skinning in user interfaces is disputed. While some find it useful or pleasant to be able to change the appearance of software they use, a changed appearance can complicate technical support and training. A user interface that has been extensively customized by one person may appear totally unfamiliar to another person who knows the same software under a different appearance. It is often said by usability practitioners that this flexibility "requires the user to be an expert interaction designer" in order to tailor the software for best use.

Websites

Many websites are also skinnable, particularly those which provide some social capabilities. Again, some sites offer skins that make primarily cosmetic changes, while some — such as H2G2 — allow major changes to the layout of pages. As with standalone software interfaces, this is facilitated by the underlying technology of the website — the use of XML and XSLT, for instance, facilitates major changes of layout, while CSS can be used to easily produce different visual styles.

External links

Skinning communities

* [http://themes.belchfire.net/index.php?dlcategory=1 Belchfire] – skins for the Windows XP user interface
* [http://www.customize.org Customize.org] – general skinning site online since 1998
*deviantART – [http://skins.deviantart.com/ Skins & Themes Gallery]
* [http://www.invisionpower.fr/ Invision Power France] – skins for Invision Power Board
* [http://realone.real.com/?subsection=skins A RealNetworks site] for RealPlayer skins
* [http://www.simmerspaintshop.com/ Simmers Paintshop] – creating skins for flight simulators and computer games
*Skinbase – [http://www.skinbase.org skins and wallpapers]
* [http://www.skinnables.org skinnables.org] – catalogue of freeware skinnable applications
* [http://www.skinning.net/ Skinning.net] – a skinning forum
* [http://www.skinz.org Skinz.org] – a skin & graphics site
* [http://www.winamp.com/skins/ A Winamp site] for Winamp skins
*WinCustomize – [http://www.wincustomize.com skins for the Windows user interface]
* [http://www.winmodify.net WinModify.com] – windows modification site
* [http://skins.birdline.gr/index.html Birdline] – Samplitude skins

Content management system theme archives

* [http://www.aphexthemes.com/ Aphex Themes] – themes live preview for XOOPS CMS
* [http://foxtheme.com/ FoxTheme.com] – themes for Wordpress, Joomla!, Drupal CMS
* [http://themeartists.com/ ThemeArtists.com] – themes for Drupal CMS
* [http://themegarden.org/drupal50/ Themegarden.org] – themes live preview for Drupal CMS