Timeline of quantum computing

Timeline of quantum computers

1970s

* 1970 - Stephen Wiesner invents conjugate coding.

* 1973 - Alexander Holevo publishes a paper showing that "n" qubits cannot carry more than "n" classical bits of information (a result known as "Holevo's theorem" or "Holevo's bound"). Charles H. Bennett shows that computation can be done reversibly.

* 1975 - R. P. Poplavskii publishes "Thermodynamical models of information processing" (in Russian), Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk,115:3, 465–501 which showed the computational infeasibility of simulating quantum systems on classical computers, due to the superposition principle.

* 1976 - Polish mathematical physicist Roman Ingarden, in one of the first attempts at creating a quantum information theory, shows that Shannon information theory cannot directly be generalized to the quantum case, but rather that it is possible to construct a quantum information theory which is a generalization of Shannon's theory.

1980s

* 1980 - Yuri I. Manin, publishes Computable and uncomputable (in Russian), Moscow, Sovetskoye Radio.

* 1981
** Richard Feynman in his talk at the "First Conference on the Physics of Computation", held at MIT, observed that it appeared to be impossible in general to simulate an evolution of a quantum system on a classical computer in an efficient way. He proposed a basic model for a quantum computer that would be capable of such simulations.
** Tommaso Toffoli introduced the reversible Toffoli gate, which, together with the NOT and XOR gates provides a universal set for quantum computation.

* 1984 - Charles Bennett and Gilles Brassard employ Wiesner's conjugate coding for distribution of cryptographic keys.

* 1985 - David Deutsch, at the University of Oxford, described the first universal quantum computer. Just as a universal Turing machine can simulate any other Turing machine efficiently, so the universal quantum computer is able to simulate any other quantum computer with at most a polynomial slowdown.

1990s

* 1991 - Artur Ekert invents entanglement based secure communication.

* 1993 - Dan Simon, at Université de Montréal, invented an oracle problem for which a quantum computer would be exponentially faster than conventional computer. This algorithm introduced the main ideas which were then developed in Peter Shor's factoring algorithm.

* 1994
** Peter Shor, at AT&T's Bell Labs in New Jersey, discovered a remarkable algorithm. It allowed a quantum computer to factor large integers quickly. It solved both the factoring problem and the discrete log problem. Shor's algorithm could theoretically break many of the cryptosystems in use today. Its invention sparked a tremendous interest in quantum computers.
** First United States Government workshop on quantum computing is organized by NIST in Gaithersburg, Maryland, in autumn.
** In December, Ignacio Cirac, at University of Castilla-La Mancha at Ciudad Real, and Peter Zoller at the University of Innsbruck proposed an experimental realization of the controlled-NOT gate with trapped ions.

* 1995
** First United States Department of Defense workshop on quantum computing and quantum cryptography is organized by United States Army physicists Charles M. Bowden, Jonathan P. Dowling, and Henry O. Everitt; it takes place in February at the University of Arizona in Tucson.
**Peter Shor and Andrew Steane simultaneously proposed the first schemes for quantum error correction. (An alternative to quantum error correction exploits special states that are immune to certain errors. This device is known as a decoherence-free subspaces.
** Christopher Monroe and David Wineland at NIST (Boulder, Colorado) experimentally realize the first quantum logic gate - the C-NOT gate - with trapped ions, according to Cirac and Zoller's proposal. [Cite journal
first = C.
last= Monroe
coauthors = Meekhof, D.M.; King, B.E.; Itano, W.M.; Wineland, D.J.
title = Demonstration of a Fundamental Quantum Logic Gate
journal = Physical Review Letters
volume = vol. 75
issue = #25
pages = pp. 4714–4717
date = December 18, 1995
url = http://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/140.pdf
accessdate = 2007-12-29
doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.4714]

* 1996
**Lov Grover, at Bell Labs, invented the quantum database search algorithm. The quadratic speedup isn't as dramatic as the speedup for factoring, discrete logs, or physics simulations. However, the algorithm can be applied to a much wider variety of problems. Any problem that had to be solved by random, brute-force search, could now have a quadratic speedup.
**The United States Government, particularly in a joint partnership of the Army Research Office (now part of the Army Research Laboratory) and the National Security Agency, issues the first public call for research proposals in quantum information processing.

* 1997
**David Cory, Amr Fahmy and Timothy Havel, and at the same time Neil Gershenfeld and Isaac L. Chuang at MIT published the first papers on quantum computers based on bulk spin resonance, or thermal ensembles. The technology is based on a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) machine, which is similar to the medical magnetic resonance imaging machine. This room-temperature ("thermal") collection of molecules ("ensemble") maintains coherence for several seconds. However, this approach to quantum computing is not scalable beyond a few tens of qubits.
** Alexei Kitaev describes the principles of topological quantum computation as a method for combatting decoherence.

* 1998
** First working 2-qubit NMR computers demonstrated by Jonathan A Jones and Michele Mosca at Oxford University and at the same time by Isaac L. Chuang at IBM's Almaden Research Center together with coworkers at Stanford University and MIT.
** First working 3-qubit NMR computer.
** First execution of Grover's algorithm.

* 1999 - Samuel L. Braunstein and collaborators showed that there was no quantum entanglement in any bulk NMR experiment, implying that the NMR device is at best a classical simulator of a quantum computer. [S. L. Braunstein, et al., " [http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v83/p1054 Separability of Very Noisy Mixed States and Implications for NMR Quantum Computing] ", Phys. Rev. Lett. 83, 1054 (1999)]

2000-2004

* 2000
** First working 5-qubit NMR computer demonstrated at the Technical University of Munich.
** First execution of order finding (part of Shor's algorithm) at IBM's Almaden Research Center and Stanford University.
** First working 7-qubit NMR computer demonstrated at the Los Alamos National Laboratory.

* 2001
**First execution of Shor's algorithm at IBM's Almaden Research Center and Stanford University. The number 15 was factored using 10¹⁸ identical molecules, each containing seven active nuclear spins. However all these NMR results do not represent true quantum computing as no quantum entanglement is present (see 1999 above).

* 2002 - The Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmapping Project, involving some of the main participants in the field, laid out the [http://qist.lanl.gov/qcomp_map.shtml Quantum computation roadmap] .

* 2003 Todd D. Pittman and collaborators at Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory and independently Jeremy L. O'Brien and collaborators at the University of Queensland, demonstrate quantum controlled-not gates using only linear optical elements. [T. B. Pittman, M. J. Fitch, B. C Jacobs, and J. D. Franson, " [http://link.aps.org/abstract/PRA/v68/e032316 Experimental controlled-not logic gate for single photons in the coincidence basis] ," Phys. Rev. A 68, 032316 (2003)] , [J. L. O'Brien, G. J. Pryde,, A. G. White, T. C. Ralph, & D. Branning, " [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v426/n6964/full/nature02054.html Demonstration of an all-optical quantum controlled-NOT gate] ," Nature 426, 264-267 (20 November 2003)]

* 2004 - First working pure state NMR quantum computer (based on parahydrogen) demonstrated at Oxford University and University of York.

Since the NMR experiments cannot prepare pure quantum states and exhibit no quantum entanglement during computation, concerns have arisen about their quantum nature. In particular, it has been proved that the presence of entanglement is a necessary condition for quantum computation. [http://arxiv.org/pdf/0705.1684v3]

2005

* University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign scientists demonstrate quantum entanglement of multiple characteristics, potentially allowing multiple qubits per particle.
* Two teams of physicists have measured the capacitance of a Josephson junction for the first time. The methods could be used to measure the state of quantum bits in a quantum computer without disturbing the state. [Cite news
first = Belle
last = Dumé
date = 2005-11-22
title = Breakthrough for quantum measurement
publisher = PhysicsWeb
url = http://physicsweb.org/articles/news/9/11/13
accessdate = 2007-12-29]
* In December, the first quantum byte, or "qubyte", is announced to have been created by scientists at The Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information at the University of Innsbruck in Austria, with the formal paper published in the December 1st issue of Nature.
* Harvard University and Georgia Institute of Technology researchers succeeded in transferring quantum information between "quantum memories" – from atoms to photons and back again.

2006

*Materials Science Department of Oxford University, cage a qubit in a buckyball (a Buckminster fullerene particle), and demonstrated quantum "bang-bang" error correction. [January 4, 2006 University of OxfordCite news
title = Bang-bang: a step closer to quantum supercomputers
url = http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/po/news/2005-06/jan/04a.shtml
accessdate = 2007-12-29]

*Researchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign use the Zeno Effect, repeatedly measuring the properties of a photon to gradually change it without actually allowing the photon to reach the program, to search a database without actually "running" the quantum computer. [Jonathan P. Dowling, " [http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v439/n7079/full/439919a.html To Compute or Not to Compute?] " Nature 439, 919 (2006)]
*Vlatko Vedral of the University of Leeds and colleagues at the universities of Porto and Vienna found that the photons in ordinary laser light can be quantum mechanically entangled with the vibrations of a macroscopic mirror. [Belle Dumé, " [http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/24285 Entanglement heats up] ," Physics World (February 23, 2007)]
*Professor Samuel L.Braunstein at the University of York along with the University of Tokyo and the Japan Science and Technology Agency gave the first experimental demonstration of quantum telecloning. [February 16, 2006 University of YorkCite press release
title = Captain Kirk's clone and the eavesdropper
url = http://www.york.ac.uk/admin/presspr/pressreleases/kirkclone.htm
accessdate = 2007-12-29]
*Professors at the University of Sheffield develop a means to efficiently produce and manipulate individual photons at high efficiency at room temperature. [March 24th, 2006 [http://www.softmachines.org/ Soft Machines] Cite web
title = The best of both worlds - organic semiconductors in inorganic nanostructures
url = http://www.softmachines.org/wordpress/?p=215
accessdate = 2007-12-29]
*New error checking method theorized for Josephson junction computers. [June 8, 2006 New ScientistCite news
author = Tom Simonite
title = Error-check breakthrough in quantum computing
url = http://www.newscientisttech.com/article/dn9301-errorcheck-breakthrough-in-quantum-computing.html
accessdate = 2007-12-29]
*First 12 qubit quantum computer benchmarked. [May 8, 2006 ScienceDailyCite news
title = 12-qubits Reached In Quantum Information Quest
url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/05/060508164700.htm
accessdate = 2007-12-29]
*Two dimensional ion trap developed for quantum computing. [July 7, 2006 New ScientistCite news
author = Tom Simonite
title = Flat 'ion trap' holds quantum computing promise
url = http://www.newscientisttech.com/article/dn9502-flat-ion-trap-holds-quantum-computing-promise.html
accessdate = 2007-12-29]
*Seven atoms placed in stable line, a step on the way to constructing a quantum gate, at the University of Bonn. [July 12, 2006 PhysOrg.comCite news
first = Frank
last = Luerweg
title = Quantum Computer: Laser tweezers sort atoms
url = http://www.physorg.com/news71935118.html
accessdate = 2007-12-29]
*A team at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands created a device that can manipulate the "up" or "down" spin-states of electrons on quantum dots. [August 16, 2006 New ScientistCite news
title = 'Electron-spin' trick boosts quantum computing
url = http://www.newscientisttech.com/article.ns?id=dn9768&feedId=online-news_rss20
accessdate = 2007-12-29]
*University of Arkansas develops quantum dot molecules. [August 16, 2006 [http://www.newswiretoday.com/ NewswireToday] Cite news
author = Michael Berger
title = Quantum Dot Molecules - One Step Further Towards Quantum Computing
url = http://www.newswiretoday.com/news/7723/
accessdate = 2007-12-29]
*Spinning new theory on particle spin brings science closer to quantum computing. [September 07, 2006 PhysOrg.comCite news
title = Spinning new theory on particle spin brings science closer to quantum computing
url = http://www.physorg.com/news76863086.html
accessdate = 2007-12-29]
*University of Copenhagen develops quantum teleportation between photons and atoms.October 4,2006 New ScientistCite journal
author = Zeeya Merali
title = Spooky steps to a quantum network
url = http://www.newscientisttech.com/article/dn10226-spooky-steps-to-a-quantum-network.html
accessdate = 2007-12-29]
*University of Southern California develops new quantum error correction method.
*University of Camerino scientists develop theory of macroscopic object entanglement, which has implications for the development of quantum repeaters. [October 24, 2006 PhysOrg.comCite news
author = Lisa Zyga
title = Scientists present method for entangling macroscopic objects
url = http://physorg.com/news80896839.html
accessdate = 2007-12-29]
*Scientists at Illinois at Urbana-Champaign find that quantum coherence is possible in incommensurate electronic systems. [November 2, 2006 University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignCite news
author = James E. Kloeppel
title = Quantum coherence possible in incommensurate electronic systems
url = http://www.news.uiuc.edu/news/06/1102quantum.html
accessdate = 2007-12-29]
*University of Utah Scientist shows it's feasible to read data stored as nuclear spins. [November 19, 2006 PhysOrg.comCite news
title = A Quantum (Computer) Step: Study Shows It's Feasible to Read Data Stored as Nuclear 'Spins'
url = http://physorg.com/news83163617.html
accessdate = 2007-12-29]

2007

*Subwavelength waveguide developed for light. [January 8, 2007 New ScientistCite news
author = Jeff Hecht
title = Nanoscopic 'coaxial cable' transmits light
url = http://www.newscientisttech.com/article/dn10911-nanoscopic-coaxial-cable-transmits-light.html
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Single photon emitter for optical fibers developed. [February 21, 2007 The EngineerCite news
title = Toshiba unveils quantum security
url = http://www.e4engineering.com/Articles/298360/Toshiba+unveils+quantum+security.htm
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*New material proposed for quantum computing. [March 15, 2007 New ScientistCite news
author = Zeeya Merali
title = The universe is a string-net liquid
url = http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg19325954.200&feedId=fundamentals_rss20
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Single atom single photon server devised. [March 12, 2007 Max Planck SocietyCite press release
title = A Single-Photon Server with Just One Atom
url = http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/2007/pressRelease200703091/index.html
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*First use of Deutsch's Algorithm in a cluster state quantum computer. [April 18, 2007 PhysOrg.comCite news
author = Miranda Marquit
title = First use of Deutsch's Algorithm in a cluster state quantum computer
url = http://www.physorg.com/news96107220.html
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*University of Cambridge develops electron quantum pump. [April 19, 2007 Electronics WeeklyCite news
author = Steve Bush
title = Cambridge team closer to working quantum computer
url = http://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/2007/04/19/41206/Cambridge+team+closer+to+working+quantum+computer.htm
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Superior method of qubit coupling developed. [May 7, 2007 WiredCite news
author = Cyrus Farivar
title = It's the "Wiring" That's Tricky in Quantum Computing
url = http://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/05/quantumcoupling
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Successful Demonstration of Controllably Coupled Qubits. [May 8, 2007 [http://media-newswire.com/ Media-Newswire.com] Cite press release
title = NEC, JST, and RIKEN Successfully Demonstrate World's First Controllably Coupled Qubits
url = http://media-newswire.com/release_1049194.html
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Breakthrough in applying spin-based electronics to silicon. [May 16, 2007 Scientific AmericanCite news
author = JR Minkel
title = Spintronics Breaks the Silicon Barrier
url = http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleId=959FBD96-E7F2-99DF-341F959A7DA2A292&chanId=sa013&modsrc=most_popular
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Scientists demonstrate quantum state exchange between light and matter. [May 22, 2007 PhysOrg.comCite news
author = Lisa Zyga
title = Scientists demonstrate quantum state exchange between light and matter
url = http://www.physorg.com/news99050442.html
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Diamond quantum register developed. [June 1, 2007 ScienceCite journal
title = Quantum Register Based on Individual Electronic and Nuclear Spin Qubits in Diamond
doi = 10.1126/science.1139831
accessdate = 2007-12-30
year = 2007
author = Dutt, M. V. G.
journal = Science
volume = 316
pages = 1312
pmid = 17540898]
*Controlled-NOTquantum gates on a pair of superconducting quantum bits realized. [June 14, 2007 NatureCite journal
title = Demonstration of controlled-NOT quantum gates on a pair of superconducting quantum bits
doi = 10.1038/nature05896
accessdate = 2007-12-30
year = 2007
author = Dutt, M. V. G.
journal = Science
volume = 316
pages = 1312]
*Scientists contain, study hundreds of individual atoms in 3D array. [June 17, 2007 New ScientistCite news
author = Mason Inman
title = Atom trap is a step towards a quantum computer
url = http://www.newscientisttech.com/article/dn12082-atom-trap-is-a-step-towards-a-quantum-computer-.html
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Nitrogen in buckyball used in quantum computing. [June 29, 2007 [http://www.nanowerk.com Nanowerk.com] Cite news
title = Can nuclear qubits point the way?
url = http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=2152.php
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Large number of electrons quantum coupled. [July 27, 2007 ScienceDailyCite news
title = Discovery Of 'Hidden' Quantum Order Improves Prospects For Quantum Super Computers
url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/07/070726142010.htm
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Spin-orbit interaction of electrons measured. [July 23, 2007 PhysOrg.comCite news
author = Miranda Marquit
title = Indium arsenide may provide clues to quantum information processing
url = http://www.physorg.com/news104418332.html
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Atoms quantum manipulated in laser light. [July 25, 2007 National Institute of Standards and TechnologyCite news
title = Thousands of Atoms Swap ‘Spins’ with Partners in Quantum Square Dance
url = http://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/releases/quantum_gate.html
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Light pulses used to control electron spins. [August 15, 2007 PhysOrg.comCite news
author = Lisa Zyga
title = Ultrafast quantum computer uses optically controlled electrons
url = http://www.physorg.com/news106395871.html
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Quantum effects demonstrated across tens of nanometers. [August 15, 2007 Electronics WeeklyCite news
author = Steve Bush
title = Research points way to qubits on standard chips
url = http://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/2007/08/15/41988/research-points-way-to-qubits-on-standard-chips.htm
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Light pulses used to accelerate quantum computing development. [August 17, 2007 ScienceDailyCite news
title = Computing Breakthrough Could Elevate Security To Unprecedented Levels
url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070816143801.htm
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Quantum RAM blueprint unveiled. [August 21, 2007 New ScientistCite news
author = Stephen Battersby
title = Blueprints drawn up for quantum computer RAM
url = http://technology.newscientist.com/article/dn12516-blueprints-drawn-up-for-quantum-computer-ram.html
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Model of quantum transistor developed. [August 26, 2007 PhysOrg.comCite news
title = Photon-transistors for the supercomputers of the future
url = http://physorg.com/news107357370.html
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Long distance entanglement demonstrated. [September 5, 2007 University of MichiganCite news
title = Physicists establish "spooky" quantum communication
url = http://www.ns.umich.edu/htdocs/releases/story.php?id=6016
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Photonic quantum computing used to factor number by two independent labs. [September 13, 2007 [http://www.huliq.com huliq.com] Cite news
title = Qubits poised to reveal our secrets
url = http://www.huliq.com/34160/qubits-poised-to-reveal-our-secrets
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Quantum bus developed by two independent labs. [September 26, 2007 New ScientistCite news
author = Saswato Das
title = Quantum chip rides on superconducting bus
url = http://technology.newscientist.com/article/dn12696-quantum-chip-rides-on-superconducting-bus.html
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Superconducting quantum cable developed. [September 27, 2007 ScienceDailyCite news
title = Superconducting Quantum Computing Cable Created
url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070926172232.htm
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Transmission of qubits demonstrated. [October 11, 2007 Electronics WeeklyCite news
author = Steve Bush
title = Qubit transmission signals quantum computing advance
url = http://www.electronicsweekly.com/Articles/2007/10/11/42346/qubit+transmission+signals+quantum+computing+advance.htm
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Superior qubit material devised. [October 08, 2007 [http://www.tgdaily.com/ TG Daily] Cite news
author = Rick C. Hodgin
title = New material breakthrough brings quantum computers one step closer
url = http://www.tgdaily.com/content/view/34244/113/
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Single electron qubit memory. [October 19, 2007 [http://optics.org Optics.org] Cite news
title = Single electron-spin memory with a semiconductor quantum dot
url = http://optics.org/cws/article/journals/31503
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*Bose-Einstein condensate quantum memory developed [November 7, 2007 New ScientistCite news
author = Stephen Battersby
title = 'Light trap' is a step towards quantum memory
url = http://www.newscientist.com/channel/fundamentals/quantum-world/dn12887-light-trap-is-a-step-towards-quantum-memory-.html
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
* D-Wave Systems claims to have working 28-qubit quantum computer. [November 12, 2007 [http://www.nanowerk.com Nanowerk.com] Cite news
title = World's First 28 qubit Quantum Computer Demonstrated Online at Supercomputing 2007 Conference
url = http://www.nanowerk.com/news/newsid=3274.php
accessdate = 2007-12-30]
*New cryonic method reduces decoherence and increases interaction distance.(and thus quantum computing speed) [December 12, 2007 PhysOrg.comCite news
title = Desktop device generates and traps rare ultracold molecules
url = http://www.physorg.com/news116696579.html
accessdate = 2007-12-31]
*Photonic quantum computer demonstrated. [December 19, 2007 University of TorontoCite news
author= Kim Luke
title = U of T scientists make quantum computing leap Research is step toward building first quantum computers
url = http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/071219-3563.asp
accessdate = 2007-12-31]

2008

*Graphene quantum dot qubits [January 15,2008Cite news
author= Miranda Marquit
title = Graphene quantum dot may solve some quantum computing problems
url = http://www.physorg.com/news119632225.htmlhttp://www.physorg.com/news119632225.htmlPhysOrg.comhttp://www.physorg.com/news119632225.html
accessdate = 2008-01-16]
*Quantum bit stored [January 25, 2008Cite news
author = EETimes Europe
title = Scientists succeed in storing quantum bit
url = http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=205918527
accessdate = 2008-02-05]
*3D qubit-qutrit entanglement demonstrated [February 26, 2008Cite news
author = Lisa Zyga
title = Physicists demonstrate qubit-qutrit entanglement
url = http://www.physorg.com/news123244300.html
accessdate = 2008-02-27]
*Analog quantum computing devised [February 26, 2008Cite news
author = ScienceDaily
title = Analog logic for quantum computing
url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080221101910.htm
accessdate = 2008-02-27]
*Control of quantum tunneling [March 5, 2008Cite news
author = Zenaida Gonzalez Kotala
title = Future 'quantum computers' will offer increased efficiency... and risks
url = http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/uocf-fc030508.php
accessdate = 2008-03-05]
*Entangled memory developed [March 6, 2008Cite news
author = Ray Kurzweil
title = Entangled memory is a first
url = http://www.kurzweilai.net/news/frame.html?main=news_single.html?id%3D8142
accessdate = 2008-03-08]
*Superior NOT gate developed [March 27, 2008Cite news
author = Joann Fryer
title = Silicon chips for optical quantum technologies
url = http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/uob-scf032608.php
accessdate = 2008-03-29]
*Qutrits developed [April 7, 2008Cite news
author = Ray Kurzweil
title = Qutrit breakthrough brings quantum computers closer
url = http://www.kurzweilai.net/news/frame.html?main=news_single.html?id%3D8354
accessdate = 2008-04-07]
*Quantum logic gate in optical fiber [April 15, 2008Cite news
author = Kate Greene
title = Toward a quantum internet
url = http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/20565/?a=f
accessdate = 2008-04-16]
*Nano-Diamonds devised [April 16, 2008Cite news
author = Ehud Rattner
title = Nano-Diamonds Might Lead to Quantum Computing
url = http://www.tfot.info/news/1157/nano-diamonds-might-lead-to-quantum-computing.html
accessdate = 2008-05-05]
*Superior quantum Hall Effect discovered [April 24, 2008Cite news
author = Princeton University
title = Scientists discover exotic quantum state of matter
url = http://physorg.com/news128261028.html
accessdate = 2008-04-29]
*Enduring spin states in quantum dots [May 23, 2008Cite news
author = Belle Dumé
title = Spin states endure in quantum dot
url = http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/34359
accessdate = 2008-06-03]
*Molecular magnets proposed for quantum RAM [May 27, 2008Cite news
author = Chris Lee
title = Molecular magnets in soap bubbles could lead to quantum RAM
url = http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080527-molecular-magnets-in-soap-bubbles-could-lead-to-quantum-ram.html
accessdate = 2008-06-03]
*Quasiparticles offer hope of stable quantum computer [June 2, 2008Cite news
author = Weizmann Institute of Science
title = Scientists find new 'quasiparticles'
url = http://physorg.com/news131631206.html
accessdate = 2008-06-03]
*Image storage may have better storage of qubits [June 23, 2008Cite news
author = Lisa Zyga
title = Physicists Store Images in Vapor
url = http://www.physorg.com/news133439288.html
accessdate = 2008-06-26]
*Quantum entangled images [June 25, 2008Cite news
author = Physorg.com
title = Physicists Produce Quantum-Entangled Images
url = http://www.physorg.com/news133624014.html
accessdate = 2008-06-26]
*Quantum state intentionally altered in molecule [June 26, 2008Cite news
author = Steve Tally
title = Quantum computing breakthrough arises from unknown molecule
url = http://news.uns.purdue.edu/x/2008a/080626KlimeckArsenic.html
accessdate = 2008-06-28]
*Electron position controlled in silicon circuit [July 17, 2008Cite news
author = Lauren Rugani
title = Quantum Leap
url = http://www.technologyreview.com/Infotech/21086/
accessdate = 2008-07-17]
*Superconducting Electronic Circuit Pumps Microwave Photons [August 5, 2008Cite news
author = Science Daily
title = Breakthrough In Quantum Mechanics: Superconducting Electronic Circuit Pumps Microwave Photons
url = http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/08/080805150812.htm
accessdate = 2008-08-06]
*Amplitude spectroscopy developed [September 3, 2008Cite news
author = Physorg.com
title = New probe could aid quantum computing
url = http://www.physorg.com/news139665168.html
accessdate = 2008-09-06]

References