Demographics of New Zealand

Map of New Zealand's population density as of the 2006 census

  Less than 1 person per square km

  1 person per square km and above

  10 people per square km and above

  250 people per square km and above

  1000 people per square km and above

  4000 people per square km and above

The demographics of New Zealand encompass the gender, ethnic, religious, geographic, and economic backgrounds of the 4.4 million people living in New Zealand. New Zealanders, informally known as "Kiwis", predominantly live in urban areas within the North Island. The four largest cities are Auckland (with one-third of the country's population), Christchurch, Wellington and Hamilton. Few New Zealanders live outside the main North and South Islands. Waiheke Island (near Auckland) is easily the most populated smaller island with 7,689 residents, while Great Barrier Island, the Chatham and Pitt Islands and Stewart Island each have populations below 1,000. New Zealand is part of a realm and the most people born in the realm's external territories of Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue are considered New Zealanders. In 2006, more people who identified themselves with these islands lived in New Zealand than on the Islands themselves.

The majority of New Zealand's population is of European descent (69 percent), with the indigenous Māori being the largest minority (14.6 percent), followed by Asians (9.2 percent) and non-Māori Polynesians (6.9 percent). This is reflected in immigration, with most new migrants coming from the United Kingdom and Ireland, although the numbers from Asia are increasing. In 2001 an estimated 460,000 New Zealanders live abroad, mostly in Australia, representing nearly one-quarter of the highly-skilled worker force. This number has reportedly surged to over 600,000 as of 2010.^{[citation needed]} The largest Māori iwi is Ngapuhi with 122,211 people or 24 percent of the Māori population. Auckland is the most ethnically diverse region in New Zealand with 56.5 percent identifying as Europeans, 18.9 percent as Asian, 11.1 percent as Māori and 14.4 percent as other Pacific Islanders. The ethnicity of the population aged under 18 years is more diverse (72 percent European, 24 percent Māori, 12 percent Pacific and 10 percent Asian) than the population aged 65 years or older (91 percent European, 5 percent Māori, 4 percent Asian and 2 percent Pacific). Recent increases in interracial marriages has resulted in the more people identifying with more than one ethnic group.

English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language are the official languages, with English predominant. New Zealand English is mostly non-rhotic and sounds similar to Australian English, with a common exception being the centralisation of the short i. Maori has undergone a process of revitalisation and is spoken by 4.1 percent of the population. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification. In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no formal qualification. Just over half the population identify as Christians, with Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam being the most significant minority religions. New Zealand has no state religion and just over a third of the population do not have a religion. Farming is a major occupation in New Zealand, although more people are employed as sales assistants. Most New Zealanders are on wage or salary income, with a median personal income in 2006 of $24,400. Unemployment was at 6.8 percent during the June 2010 quarter and most New Zealanders do some form of voluntary work.

New Zealanders

Main article: New Zealanders

While the demonym for a New Zealand citizen is New Zealander, the informal "Kiwi" is commonly used both internationally^[1] and by locals.^[2] The name derives from the kiwi, a native flightless bird, which is the national symbol of New Zealand. The Māori loanword Pākehā usually refers to New Zealanders of European descent, although some reject this appellation,^[3][4] and some Māori use it to refer to all non-Polynesian New Zealanders.^[5] Most people born in New Zealand or one of the realm's external territories (Tokelau, the Ross Dependency, the Cook Islands and Niue) before 2006 are New Zealand citizens. Further conditions apply for those born from 2006 onwards.^[6]

Population

New Zealand's historical population (black) and projected growth (red)

In 2011 New Zealand has an estimated population of approximately 4.4 million,^[7] up from the 4,027,947 recorded in the 2006 census.^[8] The median child birthing age was 30 and the fertility rate is 2.1 births per woman in 2010. In Māori populations the median age is 26 and fertility rate 2.8.^[9] In 2010 the Age-standardized mortality rate was 3.8 deaths per 1000 (down from 4.8 in 2000) and the infant mortality rate for the total population was 5.1 deaths per 1000 live births.^[9] The life expectancy of a New Zealand child born in 2008 was 82.4 years for females, and 78.4 years for males.^[10] Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80 years to 85 years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline.^[11] In 2050 the population is forecast to reach 5.3 million, the median age to rise from 36 years to 43 years and the percentage of people 60 years of age and older rising from 18 percent to 29 percent.^[11]

Geographic location

Over three-quarters of New Zealands population live in the North Island (76 percent) with one-third of the total population living in the Auckland region. This region is also the fastest growing, accounting for 46 percent of New Zealands total population growth. Most Māori live in the North Island (87 percent), although less than a quarter (24 percent) live in Auckland. New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 86 percent of the population living in an urban area. About 72 percent of the population live in the 16 main urban areas (population of 30,000 or more) and 53 percent live in the four largest cities of Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, and Hamilton.^[12]

Approximately 14 percent of the population live in four different categories of rural areas as defined by Statistics New Zealand. About 18 percent of the rural population live in areas that have a high urban influence (roughly 12.9 people per square kilometre), many working in the main urban area. Rural areas with moderate urban influence and a population density of about 6.5 people per square kilometre account for 26 percent of the rural population. Areas with low urban influence where the majority of the residents work in the rural area house approximately 42 percent of the rural population. Remote rural areas with a density of less than 1 person per square kilometre account for about 14 percent of the rural population.^[13]

The vast majority of the population live on the main North and South Islands, with New Zealand's major inhabited smaller islands being Waiheke Island (7,689),^[14] Great Barrier Island (850),^[15] Chatham and Pitt Islands (609),^[16] and Stewart Island (402).^[17] In 2006, 15,342 people were residents of the Cook Islands, with two thirds living on Rarotonga, and the other third spread over the other 14 islands.^[18] The resident population of Tokelau and Niue was 1,466^[19] and 1,625^[20] respectively in 2006. At the time 58,008 Cook Islanders, 22,476 Niueans and 6,819 Tokelauans lived in New Zealand.^[21]

Immigration

Main article: Immigration to New Zealand

New Zealand's fastest growing ethnic groups are Asian. Here, lion dancers perform at the Auckland Lantern Festival.

The Māori were the first people to reach New Zealand, followed by the early European settlers. Following colonisation, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia due to restrictive policies similar to the white Australian policies.^[23] There was also significant Dutch, Dalmatian,^[24] Italian, and German immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa.^[25] Following the Great Depression policies were relaxed and migrant diversity increased. In 2008–09, a target of 45,000 migrants was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service (plus a 5,000 tolerance).^[26] Twenty-three percent of New Zealand's population were born overseas, most of whom live in the Auckland region.^[27] While most have still come from the United Kingdom and Ireland (29 percent), immigration from East Asia (mostly mainland China, but with substantial numbers also from Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and Hong Kong) is rapidly increasing the number of people from those countries.^[28] Assuming a medium level projection a further 250,000 Asian migrants are expected between 2006 and 2026.^[29] The number of fee-paying international students increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002.^[30]

To be eligible for entry under the skilled migrant plan applicants are assessed by an approved doctor for good health, provide a police certificate to prove good character and speak sufficient English. Migrants working in some occupation (mainly health) must be registered with the appropriate profession body before they can work within that area.^[31] Skilled migrants are assessed by Immigration New Zealand and applicants that they believe will contribute are issued with a residential visa, while those with potential are issued with a work to resident visa.^[32] Under the work to residency process applicants are given a temporary work permit for two years and are then eligible to apply for residency.^[33] Applicants with a job offer from an accredited New Zealand employer, cultural or sporting talent, looking for work where there has been a long-term skill shortage or to establish a business can apply for work to residency.^[33][34]

While most New Zealanders live in New Zealand, there is also a significant diaspora abroad, estimated as of 2001 at over 460,000 or 14 percent of the international total of New Zealand-born. Of these, 360,000, over three-quarters of the New Zealand-born population residing outside of New Zealand, live in Australia. Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are concentrated in other English-speaking countries, specifically the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, with smaller numbers located elsewhere.^[35] Nearly one quarter of New Zealands highly-skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, more than any other developed nation.^[36] However many educated professionals from Europe and lesser developed countries have recently migrated to New Zealand.^[37][38]

Ethnicity

See also: List of ethnic origins of New Zealanders

New Zealand is a multiethnic society, and home to people of many different national origins. Originally comprising solely of the indigenous Māori, the ethnic makeup of the population has been dominated since the 19th century by New Zealanders of European descent. Most are of British and Irish ancestry, with smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as French, Dutch, Scandinavian and [South Slav. In the 2006 census, 67.6 percent identified ethnically as European and 14.6 percent as Māori.^[39] Other major ethnic groups include Asian (9.2 percent) and Pacific peoples (6.9 percent), while 11.1 percent identified themselves simply as a "New Zealander" (or similar) and 1 percent identified with other ethnicities.^{[40][n 1]} This contrasts with 1961, when the census reported that the population of New Zealand was 92 percent European and 7 percent Māori, with Asian and Pacific minorities sharing the remaining 1 percent.^[42]

The largest Māori iwi is Ngapuhi with 122,211 people or 24 percent of the Māori population. The next largest iwi are Ngāti Porou, Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāi Tahu/ Kāi Tahu, Te Arawa, Ngāti Tūwharetoa, Ngāti Maniapoto, Waikato and Tūhoe. A total of 102,366 people of Māori descent did not know their iwi.^[43] A group of Māori migrated to the Chatham Islands and developed their distinct Moriori culture.^[44][45] The Moriori population was decimated by Maori from 1835, with only 101 surviving in 1862 and the last known full-blooded Moriori dying in 1933.^[46] People identifying as having Moriori descents have increased in number in recent years, from 105 in 1991 to 945 in 2006.^[47]

Auckland is the most ethnically diverse region in New Zealand with 56.5 percent identifying as Europeans, 18.9 percent as Asian, 11.1 percent as Māori and 14.4 percent as other Pacific Islanders.^[48] Recent increases in interracial marriages has resulted in the New Zealand population of Māori, Asian and Pacific Islander descent growing at a higher rate than those of European descent.^[49] In 2006 10.4 percent of people, identified with more than one ethnic group in 2006, compared with 9.0 percent in 2001.^[48] The ethnic diversity of New Zealand is projected to increase. Europeans (including "New Zealanders") will remain the largest group, although it is predicted to fall 70 percent in 2026. The Asian, Pacific and Māori groups are the fastest growing and will increase to 3.4 percent, 10 percent and 16 percent respectively.^[29] The ethnicity of the population aged under 18 years at 30 June 2006 was 72 percent European, 24 percent Māori, 12 percent Pacific and 10 percent Asian. The population aged 65 years or older consited of 91 percent European, 5 percent Māori, 4 percent Asian and 2 percent Pacific.^[29]

Māori

Asians

Pacific Islanders

Population distribution of the Māori, Asian and Pacific Island ethnic groups in New Zealand as recorded by the 2006 census. Darker colouring indicates a high

Language

Main article: Languages of New Zealand

English is the predominant language in New Zealand, spoken by 98 percent of the population.^[50] New Zealand English is mostly non-rhotic with an exception being the Southern Burr found principally in Southland and parts of Otago.^[51] It is similar to Australian English and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart.^[52] In New Zealand English the short i (as in kit) has become centralised, leading to the phrase fish and chips sounding like "fush and chups" to the Australian ear.^[53] The words rarely and really, reel and real, doll and dole, pull and pool, witch and which, and full and fill can sometimes be pronounced as homophones.^[54][55][51] Some New Zealanders pronounce the past participles grown, thrown and mown using two syllables, whereas groan, throne and moan are pronounced as one syllable.^[56] New Zealanders often reply to a question or emphasise a point by adding a rising intonation at the end of the sentence.^[57]

After the Second World War, Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language (te reo Māori) in schools and workplaces and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.^[58] It has recently undergone a process of revitalisation,^[59][60] being declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 1987,^[61] and is spoken by 4.1 percent of the population.^[50] There are now Māori language immersion schools and two Māori Television channels, the only nationwide television channels to have the majority of their prime-time content delivered in Māori.^[62] Many places have officially been given dual Māori and English names in recent years. Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.3 percent),^{[n 2]} followed by French, Hindi, Yue and Northern Chinese.^{[50][63][n 3]} New Zealand Sign Language is used by approximately 28,000 people and was made New Zealand's third official language in 2006.^[64][65]

Education

Main article: Education in New Zealand

Education follows the three-tier model, which includes primary schools, followed by secondary schools (high schools) and tertiary education at universities or polytechnics. The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked New Zealand's education as the seventh highest in 2009 .^[66] The Education Index, published with the UN's 2008 Human Development Index and based on data from 2006, listed New Zealand at 0.993, tied for first with Denmark, Finland and Australia.^[67]

Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16, with the majority attending from the age of 5.^[68] Early leaving exemptions may be granted to 15 year old students that have been experiencing some ongoing difficulties at school or are unlikely to benefit from continued attendance.^[69] Parents and caregivers can home school their children if they obtain approval from the Ministry of Education and prove that that their child will be taught "as regularly and as well as in a registered school".^[70] There are 13 school years and attending public schools is free.^[70][71]

The academic year in New Zealand varies between institutions, but generally runs from late January until mid-December for primary and secondary schools and polytechnics, and from late February until mid-November for universities. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99 percent,^[72] and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.^{[68][n 4]} In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no formal qualification.^[73]

Religion

Main article: Religion in New Zealand

The settlement of English in Nelson and the North Island and Scottish in the Deep South is reflected in the dominance of Anglicanism and Presbyterianism in each region.

Christianity is the predominant religion in New Zealand at just over half of the population at the 2006 New Zealand Census,^[74] although regular church attendance is probably closer to 15 percent.^[75] In the 2006 Census, 55.6 percent of the population identified themselves as Christians, while another 34.7 percent indicated that they had no religion (up from 29.6 percent in 2001) and around 4 percent affiliated with other religions.^{[76][n 5]} Immigrants make up 80 percent of most of the non-Christian religions,^[77] with the traditional Māori religion, Judaism (24 percent immigrant) and Bahá'í (20 percent immigrant) being the exceptions.^[78]

The traditional religion of the indigenous Māori population was animistic, but with the arrival of missionaries from the early 19th century most of the Māori population converting to Christianity.^[79] In 2006, 2,412 Māori still identify themselves as adhering to traditional Māori beliefs.^[74] The main Christian denominations are Anglicanism, Roman Catholicism, Presbyterianism and Methodism. There are also significant numbers of Christians who identify themselves with Pentecostal, Baptist, and Latter-day Saint churches and the New Zealand-based Ratana church has adherents among Māori. According to census figures, other significant minority religions include Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam.^[63][80] New Zealand has no state religion and freedom of religion has been protected since the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi.^[81]

Income

Main article: Economy of New Zealand

New Zealand's early economy was based on sealing, whaling, flax, gold, kauri gum, and native timber.^[82] During the 1880s agricultural products became the highest export earner and farming was a major occupation within New Zealand.^[83] Farming is still a major employer, with 75 000 people indicating farming as their occupation during the 2006 census,^[84] although dairy farming has recently taken over from sheep as the largest sector.^[83] The largest occupation recorded during the census was sales assistant with 93,840 people.^[84] Most people are on wages or salaries (59.9 percent), with the other sources of income being interest and investments (24.1 percent) and self-employment (16.6 percent).^[85]

In 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by the World Bank.^[86] In 2010 the estimated gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita was roughly US$28,250, between the thirty-first and fifty-first highest for all countries.^{[n 6]} The median personal income in 2006 was $24,400. This was up from $15,600 in 1996, with the largest increases in the $50,000 to $70,000 bracket.^[90] The median income for men was $31,500, $12,400 more than women.^[91] The highest median personal income were for people identifying with the European or "other" ethnic group, while the lowest was from the Asian ethnic group. The median income for people identifying as Māori was $20,900.^[92]

Unemployment peaked above 10 percent in 1991 and 1992,^[93] before falling to a record low of 3.4 percent in 2007 (ranking fifth from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).^[94] Unemployment rose back to 7 percent in late 2009^[95] and was 6.8 percent during the June 2010 quarter.^[96] The 2006 census reported that while the proportion of people with no source of income was the same as 2001, the number of people receiving the unemployment benefit dropped 48 percent.^[85] Most New Zealanders do some form of voluntary work, more women volunteer (92 percent) than males (86 percent).^[97] Home ownership has declined since 1991, from 73.8 percent to 66.9 percent in 2006.^[98]

See also

• British New Zealander
• Greeks in New Zealand
• Chinese New Zealander
• Korean New Zealander
• Scottish New Zealander
• History of the Jews in New Zealand

Notes

1. ^ When completing the census people could select more than one ethnic group (for instance, 53 percent of Māori identified solely as Māori, while the remainder also identified with one or more other ethnicities).^[41]
2. ^ Of the 85,428 people that replied they spoke Samoan in the 2006 Census, 57,828 lived in the Auckland region.^[63]
3. ^ Languages listed here are those spoken by over 40,000 New Zealanders.
4. ^ Tertiary education in New Zealand is used to describe all aspects of post-school education and training. Its ranges from informal non-assessed community courses in schools through to undergraduate degrees and advanced, research-based postgraduate degrees.
5. ^ Another 6 percent objected to stating their religion. Statistics NZ do not report a total percentage for "Other" religions. Depending on how many people claimed both Christian and other religions, this could range from 3 to 5 percent. These percentages are based on the usually resident population, excluding another 7 percent of people who did not provide usable information.
6. ^ PPP GDP estimates from different organisations vary. The International Monetary Fund's estimate is US$27,420, ranked 32.^[87] The CIA World Factbook estimate is $28,000, ranked 51.^[88] The World Bank's estimate is US$29,352, ranked 31.^[89]

References

1. ^ Dalby, Simon (1993). "The ‘Kiwi disease’: geopolitical discourse in Aotearoa/New Zealand and the South Pacific". Political Geography 12: 437–988. doi:10.1016/0962-6298(93)90012-V.  edit
2. ^ Callister, Paul (2004). "Seeking an Ethnic Identity: Is "New Zealander" a Valid Ethnic Category?". New Zealand Population Review 30 (1&2): 5–22. http://panz.rsnz.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/nzpr-vol-30-1and-2_callister.pdf. 
3. ^ Misa, Tapu (8 March 2006). "Ethnic Census status tells the whole truth". New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10371473. 
4. ^ "Draft Report of a Review of the Official Ethnicity Statistical Standard: Proposals to Address the ‘New Zealander’ Response Issue" (PDF). Statistics New Zealand. April 2009. http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Methods%20and%20Services/Review%20ethnicity/draft-reportof-reviewo-official-ethnicity-standard.ashx. Retrieved 18 January 2011. 
5. ^ Ranford, Jodie. "'Pakeha', Its Origin and Meaning". Māori News. http://maorinews.com/writings/papers/other/pakeha.htm. Retrieved 20 February 2008. 
6. ^ "Am I a New Zealand Citizen?". New Zealand Department of Internal Affairs. http://www.dia.govt.nz/Services-Citizenship-Am-I-a-New-Zealand-Citizen?OpenDocument. Retrieved 3 March 2011. 
7. ^ "Estimated resident population of New Zealand". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/tools_and_services/tools/population_clock.aspx. Retrieved 30 January 2011.  The population clock updates every 10 minutes.
8. ^ "QuickStats About New Zealand's Population and Dwellings". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/nzs-population-and-dwellings/population-counts.aspx. Retrieved 8 May 2011. 
9. ^ ^{a b} "Births and Deaths: Year ended December 2010". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/births/BirthsAndDeaths_HOTPYeDec10.aspx. Retrieved 13 April 2011. 
10. ^ "Commentary". Births and Deaths: December 2009 quarter. Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/births/BirthsAndDeaths_HOTPDec09qtr/Commentary.aspx. Retrieved 27 April 2010. 
11. ^ ^{a b} Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (PDF). World Population Prospects. 2008 revision. United Nations. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 29 August 2009. 
12. ^ "Subnational population estimates at 30 June 2009". Statistics New Zealand. 30 June 2007. http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/access-data/tables/subnational-pop-estimates.aspx. Retrieved 30 April 2010. 
13. ^ "Appendix 2: Rural Area Population Statistics". Ministry of Economic Development. http://www.med.govt.nz/templates/MultipageDocumentPage____35807.aspx. Retrieved 12 April 2011. 
14. ^ "QuickStats About Waiheke Island". Statistic New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/AboutAPlace/SnapShot.aspx?id=3520801&type=au&ParentID=1000002&expand=2000007&scrollLeft=0&scrollTop=1222&ss=y. Retrieved 8 May 2011. 
15. ^ "QuickStats About Great Barrier Island". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/AboutAPlace/SnapShot.aspx?id=3521000. Retrieved 25 May 2011. 
16. ^ "Chatham Islands Territory". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/AboutAPlace/SnapShot.aspx?id=2000067. Retrieved 8 May 2011. 
17. ^ "QuickStats About Stewart Island". Statistic New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/AboutAPlace/SnapShot.aspx?id=3613000&type=au&ParentID=1000015&expand=2000073&scrollLeft=0&scrollTop=297&ss=y. Retrieved 8 May 2011. 
18. ^ "Cook Islands population census 2006" (pdf). Cook Islands Statistics Office. http://www.stats.gov.ck/Statistics/CensusSurveys/COOK_ISLANDS_CENSUS_REPORT_2006.pdf. Retrieved 8 May 2011. 
19. ^ "2006 Tokelau census of population and dwellings" (pdf). Statistics New Zealand and Office for Council of the Ongoing Government of Tokelau. http://www.tokelau.org.nz/site/tokelau/files/2376855-v1-TOKELAU__2006_Census_Analytical_Report.pdf. Retrieved 8 May 2011. 
20. ^ "Statistics Niue home page". Statistics Niue. http://www.spc.int/prism/nutest/. Retrieved 8 May 2011. 
21. ^ "QuickStats About Culture and Identity: Pacific Peoples". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/pacific-peoples.aspx. Retrieved 8 May 2011. 
22. ^ "Subnational population estimates". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/subnational-pop-estimates-tables.aspx. Retrieved 2 November 2010. 
23. ^ Socidad Peruana de Medicina Intensiva (SOPEMI) (2000). Trends in international migration: continuous reporting system on migration. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. pp. 276–278. 
24. ^ Walrond, Carl (21 September 2007). "Dalmatians". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/dalmatians. Retrieved 30 April 2010. 
25. ^ "New Zealand Peoples". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/new-zealand-peoples. Retrieved 30 April 2010. 
26. ^ Hoadley, Stephen (2004). "Our immigration policy: rationality, stability, and politics: Stephen Hoadley discusses New Zealand's approach to the vexed question of immigration controls". New Zealand International Review 29 (2): 14. http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst;jsessionid=7CB5F506C6654DAA1FDF7478F60948D1.inst1_1a?docId=5002096410. Retrieved 20 February 2008. 
27. ^ "QuickStats About Culture and Identity: Birthplace and people born overseas". Statistics New Zealand. March 2006. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/birthplace-and-people-born-overseas.aspx. Retrieved 19 January 2011. 
28. ^ For the percentages: "QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Birthplace and people born overseas". 2006 Census. Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/birthplace-and-people-born-overseas.aspx. Retrieved 30 April 2010. 
    For further detail within East Asia: "Culture and identity – Birthplace". 2006 Census Population and dwellings tables. Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/access-data/TableBuilder/2006-census-pop-dwellings-tables/culture-and-identity/birthplace.aspx. Retrieved 30 April 2010. 
29. ^ ^{a b c} "Ethnic composition of the population". Ministry of Social Development. http://www.socialreport.msd.govt.nz/people/ethnic-composition-population.html. Retrieved 30 April 2011. 
30. ^ Butcher, Andrew; McGrath, Terry (2004). "International Students in New Zealand: Needs and Responses". International Education Journal 5 (4). http://ehlt.flinders.edu.au/education/iej/articles/v5n4/butcher/paper.pdf. 
31. ^ "Requirements for the Skilled Migrant Category". Immigration New Zealand. http://www.immigration.govt.nz/migrant/stream/work/skilledmigrant/caniapply/requirements/default.htm. Retrieved 22 April 2011. 
32. ^ "Overview of the Skilled Migrant Category". Immigration New Zealand. http://www.immigration.govt.nz/migrant/stream/work/skilledmigrant/overview/default.htm. Retrieved 30 April 2011. 
33. ^ ^{a b} "New Zealand Work to Residence Visa". New Zealand Visa Bureau. http://www.visabureau.com/newzealand/work-visa.aspx. Retrieved 30 April 2011. 
34. ^ "Residence from Work – quick check". Immigration New Zealand. http://www.immigration.govt.nz/migrant/stream/work/residencefromwork/caniworkfromresi/quickcheck.htm. Retrieved 25 May 2011. 
35. ^ John Bryant and David Law (September 2004). "New Zealand’s Diaspora and Overseas-born Population: The diaspora". New Zealand Treasury. http://www.treasury.govt.nz/publications/research-policy/wp/2004/04-13/02.htm#_toc2. Retrieved 10 August 2010. 
36. ^ Collins, Simon (March 2005). "Quarter of NZ's brightest are gone". New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10114923. 
37. ^ Winkelmann, Rainer (2000). "The labour market performance of European immigrants in New Zealand in the 1980s and 1990s". The International Migration Review (The Center for Migration Studies of New York) 33 (1): 33–58. doi:10.2307/2676011. JSTOR 2676011.  Journal subscription required
38. ^ Bain 2006, p. 44.
39. ^ "Ethnic groups in New Zealand". 2006 Census QuickStats National highlights. Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/ethnic-groups-in-new-zealand.aspx. Retrieved 18 January 2011. 
40. ^ "Cultural diversity". 2006 Census QuickStats National highlights. Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/national-highlights/cultural-diversity.aspx. Retrieved 30 April 2010. 
41. ^ "Māori Ethnic Population / Te Momo Iwi Māori". QuickStats About Māori, Census 2006. Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/maori/maori-ethnic-population-te-momo-iwi-maori.aspx. Retrieved 30 April 2010. 
42. ^ "Ethnic mix changing rapidly". New Zealand Herald. October 2010. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10678220. 
43. ^ "QuickStats About Māori:Māori Descent and Iwi / Ko ngā Kāwai Whakaheke Māori me ngā Iwi". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/maori/maori-descent-and-iwi-ko-nga-kawai-whakaheke-maori-me-nga-iwi.aspx. Retrieved 30 April 2011. 
44. ^ Clark, Ross (1994). "Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence". In Sutton, Douglas. The Origins of the First New Zealanders. Auckland: Auckland University Press. pp. 123–135. 
45. ^ Davis, Denise (September 2007). "The impact of new arrivals". Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/moriori/4. Retrieved 30 April 2010. 
46. ^ Davis, Denise; Solomon, Māui (March 2009). "'Moriori – The impact of new arrivals'". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/moriori/4. Retrieved 23 March 2011. 
47. ^ Denise Davis and Māui Solomon (4 March 2009). "Moriori – Facts and figures',". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/moriori/6. Retrieved 22 April 2011. 
48. ^ ^{a b} "QuickStats About Culture and Identity: Ethnic groups in New Zealand". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/ethnic-groups-in-new-zealand.aspx. Retrieved 30 April 2011. 
49. ^ Gillian Smeith and Kim Dunstan (June 2004). "Ethnic Population Projections: Issues and Trends". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/population/estimates_and_projections/ethnic-pop-projections-issues-and-trends.aspx. Retrieved 10 August 2010. 
50. ^ ^{a b c} "QuickStats About Culture and Identity: Languages spoken". Statistics New Zealand. March 2006. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/languages-spoken.aspx. Retrieved 20 February 2008. 
51. ^ ^{a b} Kortmann et al. 2004, p. 605.
52. ^ Hay, Maclagan & Gordon 2008, p. 14.
53. ^ Crystal 2003.
54. ^ Kortmann et al. 2004, p. 582, 589, 592, 610.
55. ^ Trudgill, Peter and Jean Hannah. (2002). International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English, 4th ed. London: Arnold., p 24.
56. ^ Kortmann et al. 2004, p. 611.
57. ^ Crystal 2003, p. 355.
58. ^ Phillips, Jock (March 2009). "The New Zealanders – Bicultural New Zealand". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/the-new-zealanders/12. Retrieved 21 January 2011. 
59. ^ "Māori Language Week – Te Wiki o Te Reo Maori". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/maori-language-week. Retrieved February 2008. 
60. ^ Squires, Nick (May 2005). "British influence ebbs as New Zealand takes to talking Māori". The Telegraph (Great Britain). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/newzealand/1490814/British-influence-ebbs-as-New-Zealand-takes-to-talking-Maori.html. 
61. ^ "Waitangi Tribunal claim – Māori Language Week". Ministry for Culture and Heritage. July 2010. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/maori-language-week/waitangi-tribunal-claim. Retrieved 19 January 2011. 
62. ^ "Māori Television Launches 100 percent Māori Language Channel". Māori Television. http://media.maoritelevision.com/default.aspx?tabid=211&pid=367. Retrieved 30 April 2010. 
63. ^ ^{a b c} "2006 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables" (XLS). 2006 Census. Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/statistics/publications/census/2006-reports/quickstats-subject/culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity-tables.aspx. Retrieved 30 April 2010.  In tables 28 (Religious Affiliation) and 19 (Languages Spoken by Ethnic Group)
64. ^ "New Zealand Sign Language Act 2006". Office for Disability Issues. http://www.odi.govt.nz/what-we-do/nzsl/. Retrieved 30 April 2010. 
65. ^ Dyson, Ruth (April 2006). "NZ Sign Language to be third official language". The New Zealand Government. http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/nz-sign-language-be-third-official-language. Retrieved 19 January 2011. 
66. ^ "Figure 1: Comparing countries’ and Economies’ performance" (pdf). Programme for International Student Assessment OECD. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/54/12/46643496.pdf. 
67. ^ "Human development indices". Human Development Reports. 18 December 2008. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf. Retrieved 16 February 2010. 
68. ^ ^{a b} Dench, Olivia (July 2010). "Education Statistics of New Zealand: 2009". Education Counts. http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/publications/ece/2507/80221. Retrieved 19 January 2011. 
69. ^ "Early leaving exemptions". Ministry of Education. http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/technical_info/indicator_definition/student_participation/tertiary_education/3941. Retrieved 6, May 2011. 
70. ^ ^{a b} "Types of school". Ministry of Education website. http://www.minedu.govt.nz/Parents/YourChild/HowSchoolsWork/TypesOfSchool.aspx#2. Retrieved 25 May 2011. 
71. ^ "Fees". Ministry of Education. http://www.minedu.govt.nz/Parents/YourChild/HowSchoolsWork/Fees.aspx. |accessdate=25 May 2011}}
72. ^ "The World Factbook – New Zealand". CIA. 15 November 2007. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/nz.html. Retrieved 30 November 2007. 
73. ^ "Educational attainment of the population" (xls). Education Counts. 2006. http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/excel_doc/0007/17836/Education_attainment_of_the_population.xls. Retrieved 21 February 2008. 
74. ^ ^{a b} Table 28, 2006 Census Data – QuickStats About Culture and Identity – Tables.
75. ^ Opie, Stephen (June 2008). Bible Engagement in New Zealand: Survey of Attitudes and Behaviour. Bible Society of New Zealand. pp. 4. http://biblesociety.org.nz/mediafiles/bible-society-research-2008.pdf. Retrieved 29 May 2010. 
76. ^ "QuickStats About Culture and Identity: Religious affiliation". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/religious-affiliation.aspx. Retrieved 20 January 2011. 
77. ^ "QuickStats About Culture and Identity". Statistics NZ Home > Census > 2006 Census Data > About a Subject. Statistics New Zealand (www.stats.govt.nz). http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/culture-and-identity/religious-affiliation.aspx. Retrieved 29 May 2010. 
78. ^ Thomson, Barbara. "Ethnic Diversity in New Zealand: a Statistical Profile". Ethnic Affairs Service Information Series (Research Unit, Department of Internal Affairs) 03: 178, 183. ISBN 047809244X. ISSN 1173-7166. http://www.ethnicaffairs.govt.nz/oeawebsite.nsf/wpg_url/Resources-Research-Index/$file/EthnicDiversity.pdf. Retrieved 19 September 2009. 
79. ^ Wagstrom, Thor (2005). "Broken Tongues and Foreign Hearts". In Brock, Peggy. Indigenous Peoples and Religious Change. Boston: Brill Academic Publishers. pp. 71 and 73. ISBN 9789004138995. 
80. ^ "Quick Stats About culture and Identity— 2006 Census" (PDF). Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/~/media/Statistics/Publications/Census/2006-reports/quickstats-subject/Culture-Identity/qstats-about-culture-and-identity-2006-census.pdf. Retrieved 28 September 2007. 
81. ^ "New Zealand Statement on Religious Diversity". http://www.hrc.co.nz/home/hrc/racerelations/tengirathenzdiversityactionprogramme/statementonreligiousdiversity/statementonreligiousdiversity.php. 
82. ^ "Historical evolution and trade patterns". An Encyclopaedia of New Zealand. 1966. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/1966/trade-external/1. Retrieved 10 February 2011. 
83. ^ ^{a b} Stringleman, Hugh; Peden, Robert (October 2009). "Sheep farming – Importance of the sheep industry". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/sheep-farming/1. Retrieved 9 May 2011. 
84. ^ ^{a b} "Occupation for the Employed Census Usually Resident Population Count" (xml). Statistics New Zealand. http://search.stats.govt.nz/search?p=R&srid=S2%2d3&lbc=statsnz&w=occupations&uid=485296548&sid=2&ts=custom&method=and&isort=score&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2Fcensus%2F1996-census-data%2Fmore-census-1996-counts.aspx&rk=2&rurl=yes&nurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fstatistics%2Fmethods%2520and%2520services%2Ftables%2Fmore%2520census%25201996%2520counts%2Fmore-census-1996-occupations.aspx. Retrieved 9 May 2011. 
85. ^ ^{a b} "QuickStats About Incomes: Sources of income". New Zealand Statistics. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/incomes/sources-of-income.aspx. Retrieved 9 May 2011. 
86. ^ Evans, N.. "Up From Down Under: After a Century of Socialism, Australia and New Zealand are Cutting Back Government and Freeing Their Economies". National Review 46 (16): 47–51. 
87. ^ "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". International Monetary Fund. October 2010. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2015&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=30&pr1.y=9&c=196&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 30 January 2011. 
88. ^ "GDP – per capita (PPP)". The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2004rank.html. Retrieved 22 January 2011. 
89. ^ "GDP per capita (current US$)". World Bank. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD. Retrieved 22 January 2011. 
90. ^ "QuickStats About Incomes: Personal Income". New Zealand Statistics. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/incomes/personal-income.aspx. Retrieved 9 May 2011. 
91. ^ "QuickStats About Incomes: Personal Income by Sex". New Zealand Statistics. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/incomes/personal-income-by-sex.aspx. Retrieved 9 May 2011. 
92. ^ "QuickStats About Incomes: Personal income by ethnic group". New Zealand Statistics. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/incomes/personal-income-by-ethnic-group.aspx. Retrieved 9 May 2011. 
93. ^ "Unemployment". 2010 Social report. http://www.socialreport.msd.govt.nz/paid-work/unemployment.html. Retrieved 4 February 2011. 
94. ^ Bingham, Eugene (7 April 2008). "The miracle of full employment". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10502512. Retrieved 17 September 2008. 
95. ^ Bascand, Geoff (February 2011). "Household Labour Force Survey: December 2010 quarter – Media Release". Statistics New Zealand. http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/work_income_and_spending/employment_and_unemployment/HouseholdLabourForceSurvey_MRDec10qtr.aspx. Retrieved 4 February 2011. 
96. ^ "Household Labour Force Survey: June 2010 quarter – Media Release". New Zealand Statistics. http://www.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/work_income_and_spending/employment_and_unemployment/householdlabourforcesurvey_mrjun10qtr.aspx. Retrieved 9 May 2011. 
97. ^ "QuickStats About Unpaid Work". New Zealand Statistics. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/unpaid-work.aspx. Retrieved 9 May 2011. 
98. ^ "QuickStats About Housing: Dwelling ownership". New Zealand Statistics. http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2006CensusHomePage/QuickStats/quickstats-about-a-subject/housing/dwelling-ownership.aspx. Retrieved 9 May 2011. 

Bibliography

• Bain, Carolyn (2006). New Zealand. Lonely Planet. ISBN 1741045355. 
• Crystal, David (2003). The Cambridge encyclopedia of the English language (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521530330. 
• Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008). Dialects of English: New Zealand English. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748625291. 
• Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar; Burridge, Kate; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (2004). A handbook of varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5.