Azande

: "Niam-Niam" redirects here. Niam-Niam can also refer to a Mancala game with a 2×8 and stores."

infobox ethnic group
group = Azande


caption =
poptime = 1,000,000-3,800,000
popplace = Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudan, Central African Republic
langs = Zande
Other languages = Bangala, Arabic
rels = Christianity, animism
related =

The Azande (plural, "Zande" in singular) are a tribe of north central Africa. Their number is estimated by various sources at between 1 and 4 million.

They live primarily in the northeastern part of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in southwestern Sudan, and in the southeastern Central African Republic. The Congolese Azande live in Orientale Province, specifically along the Uele River; and the Central African Azande live in the districts of Rafaï, Zémio, and Obo.

Language

The Azande speak Zande, which they call Pazande in their language. (Their language is also called Zandi, Azande, Sande, Kizande, Badjange). Zande is an Adamawa-Ubangi language.

Population

The Zande population is spread over three countries, namely Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Central African Republic - the effect of colonial borders. In most cases, people use the estimate in Sudan to determine the total Zande population, an approach that does not show correct estimatesFact|date=May 2007.

Agriculture

The Azande are mainly small-scale farmers. Crops include maize, rice, groundnuts (also known as peanuts), sesame, cassava and sweet potatoes. Fruits grown in the area include mangos, oranges, bananas, pineapples, and also sugar cane. Zande land is also full of oil palms and sesame.

From 1998 to 2001, Zande agriculture was boosted since World Vision was buying agricultural produce. The Azande managed to supply as much maize, soya beans, sesame, sorghum and groundnuts as possible to feed the whole population of Southern Sudan sacks were marked Yambio or feed Sudan within Sudan. Fact|date=May 2007

Livestock

Azande have changed dramatically over the past years. In the 1970s, the only domestic animals the Zandes raised were chickens; by the early 1980s, the number of domestic animals had increased

History and traditional beliefs

Most Azande traditionally practiced an animist religion but this has been supplanted to large extent by Christianity. Their traditional beliefs revolve mostly around magic, oracles and witchcraft. Witchcraft is believed to be an inherited substance in the belly which lives a fairly autonomous life performing bad magic on the person's enemies. Witches can sometimes be unaware of their powers and can accidentally strike people to whom the witch wishes no evil. Because witchcraft is believed to always be present, there are several rituals connected to protection and cancelling of witchcraft that are performed almost daily (Evans-Pritchard 1979).

Oracles are a way of determining from where the suspected witchcraft is coming and they were for a long time the ultimate legal authority, the one setting the action as how to respond to the threats.

Folklore

E. E. Evans-Pritchard and other anthropologists have paid special attention to Zande stories about Tule, also known as Ture. Tule (pronounced|tule "TOO-lay)," which means "spider" in Zande, is sometimes portrayed as a trickster, similar to Anansi or Br'er Rabbit.

The Name

The word Azande means "the people who possess much land", and refers to their history as conquering warriors.

There are many variant spellings of Azande, including: Zande, Zandeh, A-Zandeh, Sandeh, etc.

The name Niam-Niam (or Nyam-Nyam) was frequently used by foreigners to refer to the Azande in the 19th and early 20th century. This name is probably of Dinka origin, and means "great eaters" in that language (as well as being an onomatopoeia), supposedly referring to cannibalistic propensities. This name for the Azande was in use by other tribes in Sudan, and later adopted by westerners. Naturally, today the name Niam-Niam is considered pejorative.

Another tribe called the Niam-Naims were a tribe from ancient legend, said to have short tails.

Notes

References

*Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1979) ‘Witchcraft Explains Unfortunate Events’ in William A. Lessa and Evon Z. Vogt (eds.) "Reader in Comparative Religion. An anthropological approach. Fourth Edition." New York: Harper Collins Publishers. pp. 362-366

*Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1967) The Zande Trickster. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

*Evans-Pritchard, E. E.1937 "Witchcraft, Oracles and Magic Among the Azande". Oxford University Press. 1976 abridged edition: ISBN 0-19-874029-8

External links

* [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Niam-Niam Niam-Niam] A public domain article from a 1911 encyclopedia.
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=zne Ethnologue entry] on the Zande language.