Piano Concerto No. 1 (Rachmaninoff)

Sergei Rachmaninoff composed his Piano Concerto No. 1 in F-sharp minor, Op. 1, in 1892, when he was 19 years old. He dedicated the work to Alexander Siloti. He revised the work thoroughly in 1917.

Overview

First version

This was actually Rachmaninoff's second attempt at a piano concerto. In 1889 be had begun but abandoned a concerto in C minor (the same key, incidentally, in which he would later write his Second Piano Concerto). He wrote Natalya Skalon on 26 March 1891, "I am now composing a piano concerto. Two movements are already written; the last movement is not written, but is composed; I shall probably finish the whole concerto by the summer, and then in the summer orchestrate it" [Norris, 9-10.] He finished composing and scoring the piece on July 6 and was satisfied with what he had written. [Bertensson and Leyva, 36-37.] The first movement was premiered on 17 March 1892 at the Moscow Conservatoire, with the composer as soloist and Vasily Safonov conducting. This may have been the only time the composer played the concerto in its original form, although Siloti, to whom it is dedicated, programmed it to play himself on several occasions. [Harrison, 37.]

Composition students were usually advised to base their efforts on a specific model for their first exercises in new forms. In Rachmaninoff's case this was the Grieg Piano Concerto, [Niels, 4.] which was a favorite work of his and one which he had been familiar from Siloti practicing it at the Rachmaninoff household during the spring and summer of 1890 for future concerts. [Harrison, 36-37.] Rachmaninoff adapted the entire musical structure of the outer movements to the Grieg concerto, literally building his music into it. With all his other concertos, Rachmaninoff would prove more enterprising. [Niels, 4-5.]

From the earliest part of this career, Rachmaninoff used his own skills as a performer to explore the expressive possibilities of his instrument. Even in his earliest works, which would include this concerto in its original form, he revealed a sure grasp of idiomatic keyboard writing and a superb gift for melody. However, the textures of these early works are usually opaque and chordal, lacking the variety he would later develop. His orchestration can often be colorless and heavy, the musical language on the whole often reminiscent of other Russian composers, especially Tchaikovsky. Rachmaninoff did not actually start developing an individual compositional voice until, ironically, the First Symphony. [Norris, "New Grove", 15:555.]

Regardless of the concerto's weaknesses in its lack musical invention and its overly simple dramatic contrasts, the work demonstrates a potential for larger and more complex undertakings—something which could be considered remarkable for a 17- or 18-year-old composer. The harmony may be conservative and the development of the first movement overly reliant on repetitions that do not have much structural point. Nevertheless, he would do better soon in other works and even does so here when he does not lean so heavily on other composers as compositional models. [Harrison, 36-37.]

Revision and current structure

The public was already familiar with the Second and Third Concertos before Rachmaninoff revised the First in 1917. The First is very different work than those works. Rachmaninoff's melodies are still there, if less memorably than in the other two concertos, but combined here with a youthful vivacity and impetuosity. Also, the differences between the 1890-1891 original and the 1917 revision reveal a tremendous amount about the composer's development in the intervening years. There is a considerable thinning of texture in the orchestral and piano parts and much material that made the original version diffuse and episodic is removed. [Norris, "Rachmaninoff", 106-107.]

The work is in three movements:

*"Vivace" (F sharp minor)
*:This contrast with the later works can be heard from the opening bars, where a brass fanfare precedes a flourish a double octaves and chords on the piano—a musical gesture similar to the Schumann and Grieg piano concertos. This flourish occurs later in the movement, as well, an important factor in the symmetry of the movement. The main theme (like the other themed in this work common to both versions) is short by Rachmaninoff's standards but already shows the sequential devices and arch-like design inherent in his later works. Norris, "Rachmaninoff", 107.]
*"Andante cantabile" (D major)
*:This reflective nocturne is only 74 bars long. The texture is less cumbersome in the revised version; the harmonies remain the same but are enlivened by occasional chromatic notes.Norris, "Rachmaninoff", 111.]
*"Allegro scherzando" (F sharp minor → F sharp major) [1917 version: "Allegro vivace"]
*:Rachmaninoff replaced an initially drab opening with a "fortissimo" passage alternating between time signatures of 9/8 and 12/8. A "maestoso" reemergence of the concerto's main theme was eliminated. In the original version he had attempted to use this theme in an upward sequential treatment similar to what he would do later in the Second and Third Concertos. The problem here was that the theme did not lend itself so easily to this treatment, thus sounding contrived. It also came too late in the movement to have the right expansive effort prevalent in the other concertos.Norris, "Rachmaninoff", 111.]

Of all the revisions Rachmaninoff made to various works, this one was perhaps the most successful. Using an acquired knowledge of harmony, orchestration, piano technique and musical form, he transformed an early, immature composition into a concise, spirited work.Norris, "Rachmaninoff, 111.] Nevertheless, he was perturbed that the revised work did not become popular with the public. He said to Albert Swan, "I have rewritten my First Concerto; it is really good now. All the youthful freshness is there, and yet it plays itself so much more easily. And nobody pays any attention. When I tell them in America that I will play the First Concerto, they do not protest, but I can see by their faces that they would prefer the Second or Third." [Swan, A.K. and J., "Rachmaninoff: Personal Reminiscences," "The Musical quarterly", Vol. xxx (1944), 8.]

elected Recordings

# Sergei Rachmaninoff, pianist, with Eugene Ormandy conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra, recorded in 1941.
# Byron Janis, pianist, with Fritz Reiner conducting the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, recorded in 1957.
# Sviatoslav Richter, pianist, with Kurt Sanderling conducting the Lenningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, recorded in 1959.
# Byron Janis, pianist, with Kiril Kondrashin conducting the Moscow Symphony Orchestra, recorded in 1962.
# Earl Wild, pianist, with Jascha Horenstein conducting the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, recorded in 1965.
# Vladimir Ashkenazy, pianist, with Andre Previn conducting the London Symphony Orchestra, recorded in 1972.
# Krystian Zimerman, pianist, with Seiji Ozawa conducting the Boston Symphony Orchestra, recorded in 1997.
# Boris Berezovsky, pianist, with Dmitri Liss conducting the Ural Philharmonic Orchestra, recorded in 2006.

Media

Bibliography

*Bertensson, Sergei and Jay Leyda, with the assistance of Sophia Satin, "Sergei Rachmaninoff: A Lifetime in Music" (Washington Square, New York: New York University Press, 1956). Library of Congress Card Catalogue Number 55-10065.
*Harrison, Max, "Rachmaninoff: life, works, recordings" (London and New York:Continuum, 2005). ISBN 0-8264-5344-9.
*Neils, Eiger, notes for ONDINE 977, "Sergei Rachmaninoff: Piano Concertos 1 and 4 (Original Versions)"; Alexander Ghindin, piano, with the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Vladimir Ashkenazy.
*Norris, Gregory, ed. Stanley Sadie, "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians" (London: MacMillian, 1980), 20 vols. ISBN 0-333-23111-2.
*Norris, Gregory, "Rachmaninoff" (New York: Schirmer Books, 1993). ISBN 0-02-870685-4.

Notes

External links

*IMSLP2|id=Piano_Concerto_No.1%2C_Op.1_%28Rachmaninoff%2C_Sergei%29|cname=Piano Concerto No. 1
* [http://classyclassical.blogspot.com/2005/09/rachmaninoffs-works-for-piano-and.html Rachmaninoff's Works for Piano and Orchestra] An analysis of Rachmaninoff's Works for Piano and Orchestra including the Piano Concertos and the Paganini Rhapsody