Ebenezer Howard

Ebenezer Howard

Sir Ebenezer Howard (29 January 1850 cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-141-02715-0|year=2006] –May 1 1928 [(1933) [http://www.freeweb.hu/eventoj/steb/gxenerala_naturscienco/enciklopedio-1/encikl-h.htm Enciklopedio de Esperanto] ] ) was a prominent British urban planner.

Early life

Howard travelled to America from England at the age of 21, moved to Nebraska, and soon discovered that he was not meant to be a farmer. He moved to Chicago and worked as a reporter for the courts and newspapers. In the U.S. he became acquainted with, and admired, poets Walt Whitman and Ralph Waldo Emerson. Howard began to think about ways to improve the quality of life.

By 1876 he was back in England, where he found a job with Hansard, which produces the official record of Parliament, and he spent the rest of his life in this occupation. Direct descendants of Ebenezer Howard include his cricket manager grandson Geoffrey Howard as well as his great great grandson, the pedagogue George Colin Howard and his daughter Leah Elisabeth Howard.

Influences and ideas

Howard read widely, including Edward Bellamy's 1888 utopian novel "Looking Backward" and thought deeply about social issues.

One result was his book (1898) titled [http://www.library.cornell.edu/Reps/DOCS/howard To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform] , which was reprinted in 1902 as "Garden Cities of To-Morrow". This book offered a vision of towns free of slums and enjoying the benefits of both town (such as opportunity, amusement and high wages) and country (such as beauty, fresh air and low rents). He illustrated the idea with his famous "Three Magnets" diagram (pictured), which addressed the question 'Where will the people go?', the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or 'Town-Country' - the Three Magnets.

It called for the creation of new suburban towns of limited size, planned in advance, and surrounded by a permanent belt of agricultural land. These Garden cities were used as a role model for many suburbs. Howard believed that such Garden Cities were the perfect blend of city and nature. The towns would be largely independent, and managed and financed by the citizens who had an economic interest in them.

Action

In 1899 he founded the Garden Cities Association, now known as the Town and Country Planning Association and the oldest environmental charity in England.

His ideas attracted enough attention and financial backing to begin Letchworth Garden City, a suburban garden city north of London. A second garden city, Welwyn Garden City, was started after World War I. His contacts with German architects Hermann Muthesius and Bruno Taut resulted in the application of humane design principles in many large housing projects built in the Weimar years. Hermann Muthesius also played an important role in the creation of Germany's first garden city of Hellerau in 1909, the only German garden city where Howard's ideas were thoroughly adopted.

The creation of Letchworth Garden City and Welwyn Garden City were influential in the development of "New Towns" after World War II by the British government. This movement produced more than 30 communities, the first being Stevenage, Hertfordshire (about halfway between Letchworth and Welwyn), and the last (and largest) being Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire. Howard's ideas also inspired other planners such as Frederick Law Olmsted II and Clarence Perry. Walt Disney used elements of Howards's concepts in his original design for EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow).

Howard was an enthusiastic speaker of Esperanto, often using the language to give speeches. [ [http://www.esperanto-gb.org/eab/eab_news/1904-10-00_creation_BEA.htm "The creation of Esperanto Association of Britain"] ]

References

ee also

*Garden city movement
*Garden real estate

External links

* [http://www.tcpa.org.uk Town and Country Planning Association]
*dmoz|Science/Social_Sciences/Urban_and_Regional_Planning/People/Howard,_Ebenezer/|Ebenezer Howard


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Ebenezer Howard — Sir Ebenezer Howard (* 29. Januar 1850 in London; † 1. Mai 1928 in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England) war der Erfinder der Gartenstadt. Inhaltsverzeichnis …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Ebenezer Howard — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Ebenezer Howard Ebenezer Howard (1850 1928) fue un notable urbanista británico. Contenido …   Wikipedia Español

  • Ebenezer Howard — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Howard. Ebenezer Howard Naissance 19 …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Ebenezer — ist der Vorname folgender Personen: Ebenezer Ako Adjei (1916–2002), Politiker, Rechtsanwalt, Verleger und Journalist Ghanas Ebenezer Bryce (1830–1913), Namensgeber des Bryce Canyons Ebenezer Cook (* um 1667; † um 1732), englischer Dichter… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Howard (Name) — Howard ist ein Familienname, der vor allem im englischsprachigen Raum verbreitet ist. Er tritt auch als Vorname auf. Bekannte Namensträger Inhaltsverzeichnis A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Howard — puede ser un apellido y un nombre. Puede hacer referencia a: Howard, noble familia inglesa. La Universidad Howard, ubicada en Washington D. C.. El borough de Howard, en Pensilvania, Estados Unidos. El condado de Howard, en Maryland, Estados… …   Wikipedia Español

  • Howard — Howard, Ebenezer Howard, Leslie ► Noble familia inglesa del s. X. A ella pertenecen los condes de Norfolk, de Suffolk, de Northampton y de Nottingham. * * * (as used in expressions) Aiken, Howard H(athaway) Armstrong, Edwin H(oward) Bearden,… …   Enciclopedia Universal

  • Ebenezer-Kapelle — Eben Ezer ist ein Ortsname. Darüber hinaus ist Ebenezer auch als Vorname gebräuchlich. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Herkunft und Bedeutung 2 Varianten 3 Geographische Objekte namens Eben Ezer 4 Kirchengemeinden und Freie Gemeinden …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Howard (surname) — Family name name = Howard imagesize= caption= pronunciation = HOW erd meaning = region = origin = related names =Howerd, Heward and Huard footnotes = Howard is a common English language surname. Its origins are unclear. One theory is that it… …   Wikipedia

  • Howard — Cette page d’homonymie répertorie les différents sujets et articles partageant un même nom. Patronymes Le nom d’Howard est porté par plusieurs personnalités (par ordre alphabétique du prénom) : Alma Howard (1913 1984), biologiste canadienne …   Wikipédia en Français

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”