Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
- Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests are a temperate and humid biome. The typical structure of these forests include four layers. The upper most layer is the canopy which is composed of tall mature trees. Below the canopy is the three-layered, shade tolerant understory. The top layer of the understory is the sub-canopy which is composed of smaller mature trees, saplings, and suppressed juveniles canopy layer trees awaiting an opening in the canopy. Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer, composed of low growing woody plants. Typically the lowest growing (and most diverse) layer is the ground cover or herbaceous layer.
Trees
Characteristic dominant broadleaf trees in this biome include oaks ("Quercus" spp.), beeches ("Fagus" spp.), maples ("Acer" spp.), and birches ("Betula" spp.). [ [http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/ecoregions/about/habitat_types/selecting_terrestrial_ecoregions/habitat04.cfm World Wildlife Fund: Temperate Broadleaf and Mixed Forest Ecoregions] ] The term "mixed forest" comes from the inclusion of coniferous trees as a canopy component of these forests. Typical coniferous trees include: Pines ("Pinus" spp.), firs ("Abies" spp.), and spruces ("Picea" spp.). In some areas of this biome the conifers may be a more important canopy species than the broadleaf species.
Climate
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests occur in areas with distinct warm and cool season, which give it a moderate annual average temperature (5.5-15.6 Celsius). These forests occur in relatively warm and rainy climates, sometimes also with a distinct dry season. A dry season occurs in the winter in East Asia and in summer on the wet fringe of the Mediterranean climate zones. Other areas have a fairly even distribution of rainfall, annual rainfall is typically over 600 millimetres (24 inches) and often over 1500 millimetres (60 inches). Temperatures are typically moderate except in parts of Asia such as Ussuriland where temperate forests can occur despite extremely harsh conditions with very cold winters.
Hello Moto.
Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregions
Australasia temperate broadleaf and mixed forests
ee also
* Temperate deciduous forest
* Forest
* Trees of the world
External links
* [http://www.barrameda.com.ar/ecology/temperate-forest.htm Temperate forest]
* [http://www.panda.org/about_wwf/where_we_work/ecoregions/maps/index.cfm Map of the ecozones]
* [http://www.cas.vanderbilt.edu/bioimages/ecoframe-list.htm Index of North American Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests ecoregions at bioimages.vanderbilt.edu]
* [http://forest.terraformers.ca/ Terraformers Canadian Forest Conservation Foundation]
References
Wikimedia Foundation.
2010.
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