Coventry Cathedral

Coventry Cathedral
Cathedral Church of St. Michael
Coventry Cathedral Shown within West Midlands
52°24′30″N 1°30′25″W / 52.408333°N 1.506944°W / 52.408333; -1.506944Coordinates: 52°24′30″N 1°30′25″W / 52.408333°N 1.506944°W / 52.408333; -1.506944
Location	Coventry city centre, West Midlands
Country	England
Denomination	Church of England
Website	coventrycathedral.org.uk
History
Consecrated	1962
Architecture
Previous Cathedrals	2
Architect(s)	Basil Spence
Style	Modernist
Years built	1956-1962
Administration
Diocese	Coventry (since 1095-1102; 1918-)
Province	Canterbury
Clergy
Bishop(s)	Christopher Cocksworth
Dean	John Irvine

Coventry Cathedral, also known as St Michael's Cathedral, is the seat of the Bishop of Coventry and the Diocese of Coventry, in Coventry, West Midlands, England. The current (9th) bishop is the Right Revd Christopher Cocksworth.

The city has had three cathedrals. The first was St. Mary's, a monastic building, only a few ruins of which remain. The second was St Michael's, a 14th century Gothic church later designated Cathedral, that remains a ruined shell after its bombing during the Second World War. The third is the new St Michael's Cathedral, built after the destruction of the former and a celebration of 20th century architecture.

Cathedral Chapter

The Chapter comprises the Dean, three Canons and various other lay and ordained members:^[1]

• Dean of Coventry - The Very Revd. John Irvine
• Canon Precentor - The Revd. Canon David Stone
• Canon Pastor - The Revd. Canon Tim Pullen
• Canon for Reconciliation - Canon David W Porter

The Revd. Canon Anthony Darby was previously Canon Theologian; however, he has now retired.

Honorary Canons

• The Revd. Canon Jim Canning
• The Revd. Canon Gillian Sanderson
• The Revd. Canon Dennis Sneath

St Mary's Priory

The first cathedral in Coventry was St. Mary's Priory and Cathedral, which held such status from a date between 1095 and 1102, when Bishop Robert de Limesey moved the Bishop's see from Lichfield to Coventry,^[2] until 1539 when it fell victim to King Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. Prior to 1095, it had been a small Benedictine monastery (endowed by Earl Leofric and Lady Godiva in 1043),^[3] but shortly after this time rebuilding began and by the middle of the 13th century it was a cathedral of 425 feet in length and included many large outbuildings.^[4] Leofric was probably buried within the original Saxon church in Coventry. However, records suggest that Godiva was buried at Evesham Abbey, alongside her father confessor, Prior Aefic.^[5]

St Michael's Cathedral

First structure

The interior of the old cathedral, c. 1880.

The spire of the original cathedral remains to this day.

St Michael's church was largely constructed between the late 14th century and early 15th century. It was one of the largest parish churches in England when, in 1918, it was elevated to cathedral status on the creation of Coventry Diocese.^[6] This St Michael's Cathedral now stands ruined, bombed almost to destruction during the Coventry Blitz on 14 November 1940 by the German Luftwaffe. Only the tower, spire, the outer wall and the bronze effigy and tomb of its first bishop, Huyshe Wolcott Yeatman-Biggs, survived. The ruins of this older cathedral remain hallowed ground and are listed as Grade A (equivalent to Grade I).^[7] Following the bombing of the Mediaeval Cathedral in 1940, Provost Howard had the words 'Father Forgive' inscribed on the wall behind the Altar of the ruined building. The spire rises to 91.4m (precisely 300 ft) and is the tallest structure in the city.

Present structure

The new cathedral as seen from the tower of the old cathedral

The new St Michael's Cathedral, built next to the remains of the old, was designed by Basil Spence and Arup, built by John Laing^[8] and is a Grade I listed building.^[9]

The selection of Basil Spence for the work was a result of a competition held in 1950 to find an architect for the new Coventry Cathedral; his design was chosen from over two hundred submitted.

Spence (later knighted for this work) insisted that instead of re-building the old cathedral it should be kept in ruins as a garden of remembrance and that the new cathedral should be built alongside, the two buildings together effectively forming one church.^[10] The use of Hollington sandstone for the new Coventry Cathedral provides an element of unity between the buildings.

The foundation stone of the new cathedral was laid by the Queen on 23 March 1956.^[11] It was consecrated on 25 May 1962, and Benjamin Britten's War Requiem, composed for the occasion, was premiered in the new cathedral on 30 May to mark its consecration.^[12][13]

The roofless ruins of the old cathedral.

Like Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, its German counterpart in Berlin, Coventry's modernist design caused much discussion, but on opening to the public it rapidly became a hugely popular symbol of reconciliation in post-war Britain. The unconventional spire (known as a flèche) was lowered onto the flat roof by helicopter. The interior is notable for a large tapestry of Christ, designed by Graham Sutherland, the emotive sculpture of the Mater Dolorosa by John Bridgeman in the East end, and the Baptistry window by John Piper, of abstract design that occupies the full height of the bowed baptistery, which comprises 195 panes, ranging from white to deep colours. The stained glass windows in the Nave, by Lawrence Lee, Keith New and Geoffrey Clarke, face away from the congregation. Spence's concept for these Nave windows was that the opposite pairs would represent a pattern of growth from birth to old age, culminating in heavenly glory nearest the altar - one side representing Human, the other side, the Divine. Also worthy of note is the Great West Window known as the Screen of Saints and Angels, engraved directly onto the screen in expressionist style by John Hutton. (Although referred to as the West Window, this is the 'liturgical west' opposite the altar which is traditionally at the east end. In this cathedral the altar is actually at the north end.) The foundation stone, the ten stone panels inset into the walls of the cathedral called the Tablets of the Word, and the baptismal font were designed and carved by the emigre German letter carver Ralph Beyer.

Theological emphasis

St Michael's Victory over the Devil, a sculpture by Sir Jacob Epstein.

Being built on the site of a Benedictine monastery, there has always been a gentle Benedictine influence on the Cathedral Community. A number of the Cathedral staff become third order (lay) Benedictines and there are often Cathedral retreats to Burford Priory. Since the opening of the new Cathedral in 1962 there has been a gentle evangelical emphasis. This has been strengthened by the current Dean John Irvine who was involved in creating the Alpha Course and previously worked for Holy Trinity Brompton, and also as Vicar of the first Brompton church plant, St Barnabas, Kensington. The Cathedral has a strong emphasis on the Bible^{[citation needed]} and aims to be a centre for good preaching and training for the diocese. It runs regular mission events such as the innovative Spirit of Life days where over 2000 local residents are encouraged to explore their faith in God through Christian spirituality. The Cathedral is also known for its innovation in its services. As well as the expected traditional services (on Sundays, Cathedral Eucharist at 10.30 a.m. and Choral Evensong at 4.00 p.m.), there is a 6.30 p.m. Sunday service with contemporary music, preaching and prayer ministry. The Cathedral Youth Work runs Goth church and Urban Church outreach congregations for local groups of young people, an equipping and supporting cell group for youth workers within Coventry churches as well as a number of other regular groups. There continues to be a strong influence of reconciliation within the theology (both vertical - reconciling people to God and horizontal - reconciling individuals and groups). This is present throughout the ministry of the cathedral but is most clearly seen in the International Centre for Reconciliation and the International Network of Communities of the Cross of Nails. The reconciliation work exists locally in reconciling churches and community groups but also internationally (predominantly in the Middle East and central Africa) working with terrorists and dictators as well as local churches, tribes and gangs.

Wooden Cross and Cross of Nails

Wooden cross

Cross of Nails
Gemarke Church Wuppertal, Germany

The wooden cross and the cross of nails were created after the cathedral was bombed during the Coventry Blitz of World War II. The cathedral stonemason, Jock Forbes, saw two wooden beams lying in the shape of a cross and tied them together. A replica of the wooden cross built in 1964 has replaced the original in the ruins of the old cathedral on an altar of rubble. The original is now kept on the stairs linking the Cathedral with St. Michael's Hall below.

Another cross was made of three nails from the roof truss of the old cathedral by Provost Richard Howard of Coventry Cathedral. It was later transferred to the new cathedral, where it rests on its altar. The cross of nails has become a symbol of peace and reconciliation across the world. There are over 160 Cross of Nails Centres all over the world, all of them bearing a cross made of three nails from the ruins, similar to the original one.

One of the crosses made of nails from the old cathedral was donated to the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church in Berlin, which was destroyed by Allied bomb attacks and is also kept as a ruin alongside a newer building. A replica of the cross of nails was also donated to the Chapel of Reconciliation (Kapelle der Versöhnung) which forms part of the Berlin Wall Memorial. A copy of the Stalingrad Madonna by Kurt Reuber that was drawn in 1942 in Stalingrad (now Volgograd) is shown in the cathedrals of all three cities (Berlin, Coventry, and Volgograd) as a sign of the reconciliation of the three countries that were once enemies.

A medieval cross of nails has also been carried on board all British warships who subsequently bear the name HMS Coventry.^[14] The cross of nails was on board HMS Coventry when she was sunk by enemy action in the Falklands War. The cross was salvaged by Royal Navy divers, and presented to Coventry Cathedral by the ship's Captain and colleagues.^[15] The cross was presented to the crew of HMS Diamond, which is affiliated to Coventry, during her commissioning ceremony on 6 May 2011 by Captain David Hart-Dyke the commanding officer of Coventry when she was sunk.^[16]

A 1962 BBC documentary entitled Act of Faith on Coventry Cathedral, its destruction and rebuilding, narrated by Leo Genn, was broadcast on British television.^[17]

Music

The Precentor of the new Coventry Cathedral at the opening service was Canon Joseph Poole.^[18] The service was televised and watched by many.

Organ

The cathedral has a pipe organ by Harrison and Harrison dating from 1962. A specification of the organ can be found on the National Pipe Organ Register.

Directors of Music

Year	Name
ca. 1505	John Gylbard[19]
1733–1749	Thomas Deane
1750–1790	Capel Bond
1790–1818	??? Woodroffe
1828–1885	Edward Sims
1886–1892	Herbert Brewer
1892–1898	Harry Crane Perrin (afterwards organist of Canterbury Cathedral)
1898	Walter Hoyle (first organist of the Cathedral)
1928	Harold Rhodes
1933	Alan Stephenson
1961	David Foster Lepine
1972	Robert Weddle
1977	Ian Little
1984	Paul Leddington Wright
1995	David Poulter (subsequently Organist of Chester Cathedral and Director of Music at Liverpool Cathedral)
1997	Rupert Jeffcoat (subsequently Director of Music and Organist at Brisbane Cathedral)
2005	Alistair Reid (Acting Director of Music)
2006	Kerry Beaumont

Assistant organists

• Allan Hawthorne-Baker 1934 - 1939
• Michael Burnett
• Robert George Weddle 1964 - 1972 (then organist)
• Ian Little 1976 - 1977 (then organist)
• Paul Leddington Wright 1977 -
• Timothy Hone
• Chris Argent
• David Poulter 1990 - 1995 (then Director of Music)
• Daniel Moult 1995 - 2002
• Martyn Lane
• Alistair Reid

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Burials

• Gerard la Pucelle, Bishop of Coventry (1183–1184)
• Huyshe Yeatman-Biggs, Bishop of Coventry (1918–1922) - a bronze effigy of him, commissioned by Hamo Thornycroft, was the only artefact to survive the bombing of the old Coventry Cathedral in 1940

Gallery

• Coventry Cathedral
• 

  Winston Churchill visiting the ruins of the old cathedral in 1941

• 

  The surviving tower and steeple, which function as a working bell tower

• 

  Effigy and tomb of Bishop Huyshe Wolcott Yeatman-Biggs, first bishop of Coventry

• 

  Josefina de Vasconcellos' statue Reconciliation in the old cathedral's nave

• 

  The old and new cathedrals
• 

  The old cathedral (foreground) and new (background)

• 

  The outside of the new cathedral.
• 

  The baptistry window from inside the cathedral.
• 

  The font, a boulder from Bethlehem.
• 

  The top of spire of the new cathedral

• 

  Statue of St Michael and the devil

• 

  Graham Sutherland tapestry

• 

  Chapel of Christ in Gethsemane

The cathedral in popular culture

• To Say Nothing of the Dog (1997), a Hugo Award-winning novel by Connie Willis, centres around an effort to rebuild the second cathedral in 2057.

See also

• List of cathedrals in the United Kingdom

References

1. ^ "Our people". Cathedral website. 2008. http://www.coventrycathedral.org.uk/about-us/our-work/our-people.php. Retrieved 9 April 2010. 
2. ^ Nicolas, Nicholas Harris (1825). A synopsis of the peerage of England: exhibiting, under alphabetical arrangement, the date of creation, descent and present state of every title of peerage which has existed in this country since the conquest... J. Nichols and son. p. 862.
3. ^ Page, William (1908). The City of Coventry: Churches: Introduction. A History of the County of Warwick: Volume 8: The City of Coventry and Borough of Warwick.
4. ^ Vail, Anne (2004). Shrines of Our Lady in England. Gracewing Publishing. p. 56.
5. ^ McGrory, David (2003). A history of Coventry. Phillimore. p. 17.
6. ^ Pepin, David (2004). Discovering Cathedrals. Osprey Publishing. p. 58.
7. ^ Details from listed building database (218400) - Ruins - Grade A. Images of England. English Heritage.
8. ^ National Gallery of Scotland
9. ^ Details from listed building database (218629) - New cathedral - Grade I. Images of England. English Heritage.
10. ^ Mansell, George (1979). Anatomy of architecture. A & W Publishers. p. 178.
11. ^ Thomas, John (1987). Coventry Cathedral. Unwin Hyman. p. 129.
12. ^ Havighurst, Alfred F. (1985). Britain in transition: the twentieth century. University of Chicago Press. p. 643.
13. ^ Roncace, Mark; Gray, Patrick (2007). Teaching the Bible through popular culture and the arts. Society of Biblical Lit. p. 60.
14. ^ The Cross of Nails Society. h2g2. May 6, 2008.
15. ^ The Army quarterly and defence journal, Volume 113. West of England Press. p. 229.
16. ^ "Navy’s newest ship will carry a poignant reminder of the past". Portsmouth News. 2011-05-07. http://www.portsmouth.co.uk/news/local/east-hampshire/navy_s_newest_ship_will_carry_a_poignant_reminder_of_the_past_1_2659444. Retrieved 2011-05-07. 
17. ^ Baker, Simon; Terris, Olwen (1994). A to Z: A for Andromeda to Zoo time : the TV holdings of the National Film and Television Archive, 1936-1979. British Film Institute. p. 3.
18. ^ St Michael
19. ^ http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=16038

External links

• The cathedral's official website
• Further reading about Coventry's three Cathedrals
• Virtual tour of both the new cathedral and the ruins
• The Cross of Nails website
• Flickr images tagged Coventry Cathedral
• Details of the organ from the National Pipe Organ Register
• Photograph of interior prior to destruction
• Article about the cathedral's medieval stained glass [http://www.vidimus.org/archive/issue_33_2009/issue_33_2009-04.html