Estanislao López

Estanislao López (1786–1838) was a governor and "caudillo" of the province|Santa Fe|Argentina, between 1818 and 1838, a hero of provincial federalism and an ally of Juan Manuel de Rosas.

López fought in the retake of Buenos Aires from the British invasion of 1806, in the Argentine War of Independence, and then in the Argentine civil wars. Under the command of Manuel Belgrano (creator of the Argentine flag) in 1810, he was held prisoner in Montevideo.

In 1816 he led his men in an uprising against Buenos Aires, where the Buenos Aires army under General Viamonte was forced to surrender. Along with José Gervasio Artigas (leader of the Banda Oriental, now Uruguay), he became a hero of this campaign. After this, in 1818, López assumed the government of Santa Fe, deposing governor Mariano Vera, separating the province from Buenos Aires control, and ruling by popular consensus for twenty years. He was formally elected governor in 1 July 1818 and then indefinitely reelected.

López rejected a draft provincial constitution for Santa Fe (which accepted a centralized government from Buenos Aires), and wrote another one, where he incorporated the idea of popular election of the governor by direct vote, which was approved on 26 August 1819.

López allied with Artigas and then with Francisco Ramírez, "caudillo" of Entre Ríos, amassing large armies against Buenos Aires, at the time ruled by Supreme Director Juan Martín de Pueyrredón. General José de San Martín, Liberator and hero of the Independence Wars, wrote separate letters to López and Artigas urging them to cease hostilities and join the national cause. San Martín also refused Pueyrredón's request to divert troops from the independentist conflict toward the defense of the national government.

After Pueyrredón's forced resignation, López went to war again, together with Ramírez, former Supreme Director Carlos María de Alvear and José Miguel Carrera (former president of Chile). The three allies defeated the forces of Buenos Aires led by José Rondeau in the Battle of Cepeda on 1 February 1820, which marked the end of the Supreme Directorship and the victory of provincial federalism. Peace was ratified by the Governor Manuel Sarratea of Buenos Aires, as well as López and Ramírez, through the Treaty of Pilar (23 February 1820).

In 1821 an incident broke his alliance with Francisco Ramírez, who was killed near Coronda by a group of López's soldiers when he was crossing Santa Fe's territory to attack Córdoba. López exhibited Ramírez's head publicly in the Cabildo of Santa Fe. He thus became the indisputed leader of the littoral provinces, and on 7 April 1822 he signed the Cuadrilateral Treaty with Entre Ríos, Corrientes and Buenos Aires, calling for national unity and convening on the call to a Constitutional Assembly in Santa Fe.

López protected Juan Manuel de Rosas when he had to flee after the defeat of Manuel Dorrego's army by Juan Lavalle in Navarro. He then joined forces with Rosas to defeat Lavalle in Puente de Márquez on 26 April 1829. After Rosas made peace with Lavalle without López's consent, the relationship between the allies was strained.

In 1831, with Rosas being the governor of Buenos Aires and the littoral provinces threatened by the centralist alliance ruled by José María Paz, the Federal Pact was subscribed (on 4 January) by the four provinces, forging a military alliance and establishing the basis of a federal organization of the country. After Paz was captured, the civil war ended for a time, and Rosas was free to rule on the national level.

López ruled Santa Fe until his death on 15 June 1838. He was succeeded by Domingo Cullen.

ources

"In Spanish unless otherwise noted."
* [http://www.todo-argentina.net/biografias/Personajes/estanislao_lopez.htm Todo-Argentina.net] - Biography.
* [http://www.webfe.com/cronologia/index1.html WebFe] - History of Santa Fe (timeline).
* [http://www.paginadigital.com.ar/articulos/2001seg/denuncias5/sanm25-12.html José de San Martín, el Libertador] - Biography of General San Martín.
* [http://www.argentinaworld.com.ar/Provincia/SantaFe/index-xdata.php?grup=4&xdata=1 ArgentinaWorld] - History of Santa Fe.
* [http://www.elortiba.org/doc/pacpilar.doc Treaty of Pilar] , 23 Feb 1820 (complete text, MS Word 2000 DOC file).
* [http://www.santafeciudad.gov.ar/resena%20historica.htm Santa Fe] - History of the city of Santa Fe (official website).
* [http://www.elortiba.org/doc/csf1819.doc Constitución de la Provincia de Santa Fe] (1819) (complete text of the 1819 provincial constitution, MS Word 2000 DOC file).