Rattan

Rattan
Daemonorops draco
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Monocots
(unranked):	Commelinids
Order:	Arecales
Family:	Arecaceae
Subfamily:	Calamoideae
Tribe:	Calameae
Genera
Calamus Calospatha Ceratolobus Daemonorops Eleiodoxa Eremospatha Eugeissona Korthalsia Laccosperma Metroxylon Myrialepis Oncocalamus Pigafetta Plectocomia Plectocomiopsis Pogonotium Raphia Retispatha Salacca

Rattan (from the Malay rotan) is the name for the roughly 600 species of palms in the tribe Calameae, native to tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Australasia.

Structure

Most rattans differ from other palms in having slender stems, 2–5 cm diameter, with long internodes between the leaves; also, they are not trees but are vine-like, scrambling through and over other vegetation. Rattans are also superficially similar to bamboo. Unlike bamboo, rattan stems ("malacca") are solid, and most species need structural support and cannot stand on their own. However, some genera (e.g. Metroxylon, Pigafetta, Raphia) are more like typical palms, with stouter, erect trunks. Many rattans have spines which act as hooks to aid climbing over other plants, and to deter herbivores. Rattans have been known to grow up to hundreds of metres long. Most (70%) of the world's rattan population exist in Indonesia, distributed among Borneo, Sulawesi, Sumbawa islands. The rest of the world's supply comes from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Bangladesh.

Processing

In forests where rattan grows, its economic value can help protect forest land, by providing an alternative to loggers who forgo timber logging and harvest rattan canes instead. Rattan is much easier to harvest, requires simpler tools and is much easier to transport. It also grows much faster than most tropical wood. This makes it a potential tool in forest maintenance, since it provides a profitable crop that depends on rather than replaces trees. It remains to be seen whether rattan can be as profitable or useful as the alternatives.

Generally, raw rattan is processed into several products to be used as materials in furniture making. The various species of rattan range from several millimetres up to 5–7 cm in diameter. From a strand of rattan, the skin is usually peeled off, to be used as rattan weaving material. The remaining "core" of the rattan can be used for various purposes in furniture making. Rattan is a very good material mainly because it is lightweight, durable, and — to a certain extent — flexible.

Environmental issues

Rattans are threatened with overexploitation, with harvesters cutting stems too young and reducing their ability to resprout.^[1]Unsustainable harvest of rattan can lead to forest degradation, affecting overall forest ecosystem services. Processing can also be polluting. The use of toxic chemicals and petrol in the processing of rattan affects soil, air and water resources, and also ultimately people's health. Meanwhile, the conventional way of rattan production is threatening the plant’s long term supply, and the income of workers. ^[2]

Uses

A rattan chair

Indonesians making rattan furniture, circa 1948

Rattans are extensively used for making furniture and baskets. When cut into sections, rattan can be used as wood to make furniture. Rattan accepts paints and stains like many other kinds of wood, so it is available in many colours; and it can be worked into many styles. Moreover, the inner core can be separated and worked into wicker.

Due to its durability and resistance to splintering, sections of rattan can be used as staves or canes for martial arts – 70 cm.-long rattan sticks, called baston, are used in Filipino martial arts, especially Modern Arnis and Eskrima. Rattan is generally the only material accepted for the construction of striking weapons in Society for Creative Anachronism (SCA) martial combat.^[3]

For similar reasons it's a common material for the stick used to move the dice while dealing the casino game craps.

Along with birch and bamboo, rattan is a common material used for the handles in percussion mallets, especially mallets for keyboard percussion (vibraphone, xylophone, marimba, etc.).

The fruit of some rattans exudes a red resin called dragon's blood. This resin was thought to have medicinal properties in antiquity and was also used as a dye for violins, among other things.^[4] The resin normally results in a wood with a light peach hue.

In early 2010, scientists in Italy announced that rattan wood would be used in a new "wood to bone" process for the production of artificial bone. The process takes small pieces of Rattan and places it in a furnace. Calcium and carbon are added. The wood is then further heated under intense pressure in another oven-like machine and a phosphate solution is introduced. This process produces almost an exact replica of bone material. The process takes about 10 days. At the time of the announcement the bone was being tested in sheep and there had been no signs of rejection. Particles from the sheep's bodies have migrated to the "wood bone" and formed long continuous bones. The new bone-from-wood programme is being funded by the European Union. Implants into humans are anticipated to start in 2015.^[5]

The flexibility and durability of rattan canes make them an effective instrument for inflicting disciplinary pain (caning). A rattan 4 ft (1.2 m) long and half an inch thick is used for judicial corporal punishment in Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei.^[6] It is soaked in water before use to make it heavier and even more flexible. This punishment is delivered to the offender's bare buttocks. It was a rattan (not bamboo, as widely misreported) that was used for the caning of Michael P. Fay in 1994. It is also used to discipline recalcitrant soldiers in the Singapore Armed Forces (see here).

A somewhat thinner rattan cane was the standard implement for school corporal punishment in England and Wales, and is still used for this purpose in schools in Singapore, Malaysia and several African countries (see here).

References

1. ^ MacKinnon, K. (1998) Sustainable use as a conservation tool in the forests of South-East Asia. Conservation of Biological Resources (E.J. Milner Gulland & R Mace, eds), pp 174-192. Blackwell Science, Oxford.
2. ^ "WWF Rattan Switch project". WWF. July 2010. http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/greatermekong/our_solutions/sustainablerattan/benefits/. Retrieved 16 July 2010. 
3. ^ "Marshals' Handbook". Society for Creative Anachronism. March 2007 revision. http://www.sca.org/officers/marshal/docs/marshal_handbook.pdf. Retrieved 16 March 2010. 
4. ^ "Rattan" at Encyclopedia.com.
5. ^ "Turning wood into bones". BBC News Online (London). 8 January 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8446637.stm. Retrieved 22 May 2010. 
6. ^ Judicial caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei at World Corporal Punishment Research.

External links

•  "Rattan". Encyclopedia Americana. 1920.