Fort Le Boeuf

Infobox Military Structure
name=Fort Le Boeuf
partof=
location=
coordinates=coord|41.939510|N|79.982452|W|format=dms


caption=
type=
code=
built=1753
builder=
materials=
height=
used=1753–1763
demolished=1763-06-18
condition=
ownership=
open_to_public=
controlledby=flagcountry|FRA 1753–1759
flagicon|UK|1606 British Empire 1759–1763
garrison=
current_commander=
commanders=Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre
occupants=
battles=French and Indian War
Pontiac's Rebellion
events=

Fort Le Boeuf was a fort established by the French in 1753 on a fork of French Creek, near present-day Waterford, in northwest Pennsylvania. The fort was part of a line that included Fort Presque Isle, Fort Machault and Fort Duquesne.

The fort was located about convert|15|mi|km|0|lk=on from the shores of Lake Erie, on the banks of LeBoeuf Creek, which the fort was named for. The French portaged trade goods, war materiel, and supplies from Lake Erie overland to Fort Le Boeuf. From there they traveled in rafts and canoes down French Creek to the Allegheny River, the Ohio and the Mississippi.

Capt. Francois Le Mercier began construction on 11 July 1753 and Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre took command of the fort on December 3, 1753.

Robert Dinwiddie, the governor of Virginia, sent the 21-year-old George Washington to Fort Le Boeuf in order to deliver a message to the French demanding that they leave the Ohio Country. Dinwiddie's initiative was in response to the French building forts in the Ohio Country. Washington took Christopher Gist along as his guide; during the trip Gist earned his place in history by saving the young Washington's life on two separate occasions. Washington and Gist arrived at Fort Le Boeuf on December 11, 1753. The French ignored Dinwiddie's demands.During his stay, Washington noted that the fort had one hundred men, a large number of officers, 50 birch canoes and 70 pine canoes, many unfinished. He described the fort as on a south or west fork of French creek, near the water, and almost surrounded by it. Four houses composed the sides. The bastions were made of piles driven into the ground, standing more than convert|12|ft high, and sharpened at the top. Port holes for cannon and loop-holes for small-arms were cut into the bastions. Each bastion mounted eight six-pound cannon and one four-pound cannon guarded the gate. Inside the bastions stood a guard-house, chapel, doctor's lodging and the commander's private stores. Outside of the fort were several log barracks, some covered with bark, others with boards. In addition, there were stables, a smithy and other buildings.

The French and Indian War began on 28 May 1754 with the Battle of Jumonville Glen. Some four years later, on 25 July 1759, the French surrendered Fort Niagara. In August 1759, the commander of Fort Presque Isle sent word to Fort Machault and Fort Le Boeuf to abandon their forts. After the French abandoned the forts, the British took possession of their sites. It is unclear whether the French burned down Fort Le Boeuf when they abandoned it. If so, the British rebuilt it.

During Pontiac's Rebellion, on 18 June 1763, a war party of Native Americans burned down Fort Le Boeuf. The survivors escaped to Fort Venango, but it too was burned, so they continued to Fort Pitt.

On 1 August 1794, Major E. Denny reported to Governor Thomas Mifflin from Le Boeuf. He described a fortification with four blockhouses, manned by riflemen. The two rear blockhouses had a six-pound cannon on the second floor, as well as swivel guns over the gates.

When Judge Vincent settled in Waterford in 1797, he wrote, "There are no remains of the old French fort excepting the traces on the ground..."

References

* "The Journal of Major George Washington, of His Journey to the French Forces on Ohio," George Washington, 1754.
* "The Frontier Forts of Western Pennsylvania," Albert, George Dallas, C. M. Busch, state printer, Harrisburg, 1896. Sketch of the site on pg. 556a shows Fort Le Boeuf at the intersection of Water Street and High Street (present-day Route 97). Caption reads, "Fort Le Boeuf built by the French in 1753 Burned in 1763." Description of fort by Washington, pg. 572. Descriptions of the fort, pgs. 566 - 581.
*cite book | author=Stotz, Charles Morse | title=Outposts Of The War For Empire: The French And English In Western Pennsylvania: Their Armies, Their Forts, Their People 1749-1764 | location=Pittsburgh | publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press | year=2005 | id=ISBN 0-8229-4262-3