Electricity retailing

Electricity retailing is the final process in the delivery of electricity from generation to the consumer. The other main processes are transmission and distribution.

Beginnings

Electricity retailing began at the end of the 19th century when the bodies who generated electricity for their own use made supply available to third parties. In the beginning, electricity was primarily used for street lighting and trams. The general public were allowed to purchase electricity only after large scaleelectric companies were started.

The provision of these services was generally the responsibility of electric companies or municipal authorities who either set up their own departments or contracted the services from private entrepreneurs. Residential, commercial and industrial use of electricity was confined, initially, to lighting but this changed dramatically with the development of electric motors, heaters and communication devices.

The basic principle of supply has not changed much over time. The amount of energy used by the domestic consumer, and thus the amount charged for, is measured through an electricity meter that is usually placed near the input of a home to provide easy access to the meter reader.

Customers are usually charged a monthly service fee and additional charges based on the electrical energy (in kWh) consumed by the household or business during the month. Commercial and industrial consumers normally have more complex pricing schemes. These require meters that measure the energy usage in time intervals (such as a half hour) to impose charges based on both the amount of energy consumed and the maximum rate of consumption, i.e. the maximum demand, which is measured in kVA.

Monopoly supply

The rapid growth in electric appliance usage in the early part of the 20th century contributed to an explosive growth in electrification around the world.

The supply of electricity to homes, offices, shops, factories, farms, and mines became the responsibility of public utilities, which were either private organizations subject to monopoly regulation or public authorities owned by local, state or national bodies.

In some countries a statutory or government-granted monopoly was created, which was controlled by legislation (for example Eskom in South Africa).

Electricity retailing in the period from approximately 1890 to 1990 consisted of managing the connection, disconnection and billing of electricity consumers by the local monopoly supplier.

In many utilities there was a marketing function which encouraged electricity usage when there was excess capacity to supply and encouraged conservation when supply was tight.

Creating a market

In 1990 there was a significant development in the way electricity was bought and sold. In many countries, the electricity market was deregulated to open up the supply of electricity to competition. In the United Kingdom the Electricity Supply Industry was radically reformed to establish competition. This trend continued in other countries (see New Zealand Electricity Market and deregulation) and the role of electricity retailing changed from what was essentially an administrative function within an integrated utility to become a risk management function within a competitive electricity market.

Electricity retailers now provide fixed prices for electricity to their customers and manage the risk involved in purchasing electricity from spot markets or electricity pools. This development has not been without casualties. The most notable example of poor risk management (coupled with poor market regulation) was the 2001 California electricity crisis, when Pacific Gas and Electric and Southern California Edison were driven into bankruptcy by having to purchase electricity at high spot prices and sell at low fixed rates.

Customers may choose from a number of competing suppliers. They may also opt to pay more for "green" power, i.e. electricity sourced from renewable energy generation such as wind power or solar power.

An electricity provider is often known as "the electric company" or "the power company".

Rates And Taxes

The rates charged for electricity vary between countries, regions and states. The reason for the variation is primarily regulation and the way it is generated. For example, some states in the US have large hydroelectric generation facilities that are largely subsidized and relatively efficient, and rates are as low as $0.06 per kWh, as in Idaho. In other states, such as California, which has to import electricity from neighboring states, the rates can be as high as $0.38 per kWh during peak hours for high-use residential customers that pay based on time of use [http://www.pge.com/tariffs/ResElecCurrent.xls] (.xls file). As of 2006 (May), the average rate for electricity in the US was approximately $0.106 per kWh [http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_a.html] .

Tax On Electricity

Some countries and states have established a tax on electricity. I.e. New Hampshire a tax on use of electricity (55 cents per megawatt-hour).

If produced from fossil or nuclear fuels, it can be acompained by a carbon or environmental tax.

References

See also

* Distributed generation
* Eugene Green Energy Standard
* Net metering
* Microgeneration
* Peak demand and
* Vehicle-to-grid