Pierre Leroux

Pierre Leroux (April 7, 1797 - April, 1871), French philosopher and political economist, was born at Bercy near Paris, the son of an artisan.

His education was interrupted by the death of his father, which compelled him to support his mother and family. Having worked first as a mason and then as a compositor, he joined P. Dubois in the foundation of "Le Globe" which became in 1831 the official organ of the Saint-Simonian community, of which he became a prominent member. In November of the same year, when Enfantin preached the enfranchisement of women and the functions of the "couple-prétre", Leroux separated himself from the sect. In 1834 he published an essay entitled "Individualism and Socialism" which, despite its message of scepticism towards both tendencies, introduced the term socialism in French political discourse. In 1838, with J. Reynaud, who had seceded with him, he founded the "Encyclopédie nouvelle" (eds. 1838-1841). Amongst the articles which he inserted in it were "De l'egalité" and "Refutation de l'éclectisme", which afterwards appeared as separate works.

In 1840 he published his treatise "De l'humanité" (2nd ed. 1845), which contains the fullest exposition of his system, and was regarded as he philosophical manifesto of the Humanitarians. In 1841 he established the "Revue indépendante", with the aid of George Sand, over whom he had great influence. Her "Spiridion", which was dedicated to him, "Sept cordes de la lyre", "Consuelo", and "La Comtesse de Rudolstadt", were written under the Humanitarian inspiration.

In 1843 he established at Boussac (Creuse) a printing association organized according to his systematic ideas, and founded the "Revue sociala". After the outbreak of the revolution of 1848 he was elected to the Constituent Assembly, and in 1849 to the Legislative Assembly, but his speeches on behalf of the extreme socialist wing were of so abstract and mystical a character that they had no effect. After the "coup d'état" of 1851 he settled with his family in Jersey, where he pursued agricultural experiments and wrote his socialist poem "La Grève de Samarez". On the definitive amnesty of 1869 he returned to Paris, where he died during the Commune.

The writings of Leroux have no permanent significance in the history of thought. He was the propagandist of sentiments and aspirations rather than the expounder of a systematic theory. He has, indeed, a system, but it is a singular medley of doctrines borrowed, not only from Saint-Simonian, but from Pythagorean and Buddhistic sources. In philosophy his fundamental principle is that of what he calls the "triad"--a triplicity which he finds to pervade all things, which in God is "power, intelligence and love," in man "sensation, sentiment and knowledge."

His religious doctrine is Pantheistic; and, rejecting the belief in a future life as commonly conceived, he substitutes for it a theory of metempsychosis. In social economy his views are very vague; he preserves the family, country and property, but finds in all three, as they now are, a despotism which must be eliminated. He imagines certain combinations by which this triple tyranny can be abolished, but his solution seems to require the creation of families without heads, countries without governments and property without rights of possession. In politics he advocates absolute equality--a democracy.

Leroux's significance in the history of ideas lies in his attempt to resuscitate spirituality and community in France in the wake of the revolutionary decades of the 1790s and the Napoleonic Era. As was the case with many of his romantic socialist contemporaries, Leroux sought a basis on which to refound the human community that did not rely on the pillars of the old Regime, authority, hierarchy, and the Catholic Church. The span of his lifetime were years of the rise of capitalism and liberal trade policies, and also of the rise of an organized workers' movement. Romantic socialism as a movement attempted to reconcile religious and material needs in society. Leroux' most thorough exposition of this idea is found in his Doctrine de l'Humanite, published first in 1840. In this and other works he argues for a reciprocal notion of human need and identity, emphasizing humanity's interdependence in lieu of atomized individuality.

See also

*"Liberté, égalité, fraternité"

External links

* [http://www.sguardomobile.it/article.php3?id_article=87 Biographical sketch] (in Italian)
* [http://www.educreuse23.ac-limoges.fr/sand/leroux.htm Biographical sketch] (in French). Site discusses intellectual background of George Sand.
*http://www.amisdepierreleroux.org (in french)

References

* Célestin Raillard, "Pierre Leroux at ses œuvres" (Paris, 1899)
* Pierre-Félix Thomas, "Pierre Leroux: sa vie, son œuvre, sa doctrine" (Paris, 1904)
* Louis Reybaud, "Etudes sur les réformateurs et socialistes modernes"
* Article in 14, Robert Henry Inglis Palgrave's "Dictionary of Political Economy"