Abducens nerve

Abducens nerve
Nerve: Abducens nerve
The path of the Abducens nerve
Inferior view of the human brain, with the cranial nerves labelled.
Latin nervus abducens
Gray's subject #201 899
From abducens nucleus
MeSH Abducens+Nerve
Cranial Nerves
CN I – Olfactory
CN II – Optic
CN III – Oculomotor
CN IV – Trochlear
CN V – Trigeminal
CN VI – Abducens
CN VII – Facial
CN VIII – Vestibulocochlear
CN IX – Glossopharyngeal
CN X – Vagus
CN XI – Spinal Accessory
CN XII – Hypoglossal
This box: view · talk · edit

The abducens nerve or abducent nerve (the sixth cranial nerve, also called the sixth nerve or simply VI) is a somatic efferent nerve that controls the movement of a single muscle, the lateral rectus muscle of the eye, in humans. In most other mammals it also innervates the musculus retractor bulbi, which can retract the eye for protection. Homologous abducens nerves are found in all vertebrates except lampreys and hagfishes.

The human CN VI is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic pons.

Contents

"Abducens" and "Abducent"

The Latin name for the sixth cranial nerve is nervus abducens. The Terminologia Anatomica officially recognizes two different English translations: abducent nerve and abducens nerve.[1] Either term is correct.

“Abducens” is more common in recent literature, while “abducent” predominates in the older literature. The United States National Library of Medicine uses “abducens nerve” in its Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) vocabulary to index the vast MEDLINE and PubMed biomedical databases. The 39th edition of Gray’s Anatomy (2005) also prefers “abducens nerve.”[2]

Peripheral anatomy

The Clivus

The abducens nerve leaves the brainstem at the junction of the pons and the medulla, medial to the facial nerve. In order to reach the eye, it runs upward (superiorly) and then bends forward (anteriorly).

The nerve enters the subarachnoid space when it emerges from the brainstem. It runs upward between the pons and the clivus, and then pierces the dura mater to run between the dura and the skull. At the tip of the petrous temporal bone it makes a sharp turn forward to enter the cavernous sinus. In the cavernous sinus it runs alongside the internal carotid artery. It then enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure and innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye.

The long course of the abducens nerve between the brainstem and the eye makes it vulnerable to injury at many levels. For example, fractures of the petrous temporal bone can selectively damage the nerve, as can aneurysms of the intracavernous carotid artery. Mass lesions that push the brainstem downward can damage the nerve by stretching it between the point where it emerges from the pons and the point where it hooks over the petrous temporal bone.

Central anatomy

Axial section of the Brainstem (Pons) at the level of the Facial Colliculus

The abducens nucleus is located in the pons, on the floor of the fourth ventricle, at the level of the facial colliculus. Axons from the facial nerve loop around the abducens nucleus, creating a slight bulge (the facial colliculus) that is visible on the dorsal surface of the floor of the fourth ventricle. The abducens nucleus is close to the midline, like the other motor nuclei that control eye movements (the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei).

Motor axons leaving the abducens nucleus run ventrally and caudally through the pons. They pass lateral to the corticospinal tract (which runs longitudinally through the pons at this level) before exiting the brainstem at the pontomedullary junction.

The central anatomy of the sixth nerve predicts (correctly) that infarcts affecting the dorsal pons at the level of the abducens nucleus can also affect the facial nerve, producing an ipsilateral facial palsy together with a lateral rectus palsy. The anatomy also predicts (correctly) that infarcts involving the ventral pons can affect the sixth nerve and the corticospinal tract simultaneously, producing a lateral rectus palsy associated with a contralateral hemiparesis. These rare syndromes are of interest primarily as useful summaries of the anatomy of the brainstem.

Clinical syndromes

Peripheral lesions

Complete interruption of the peripheral sixth nerve causes diplopia (double vision), due to the unopposed action of the medial rectus muscle. The affected eye is pulled medially. In order to see without double vision, patients will rotate their heads so that both eyes are looking sideways. On formal testing, the affected eye cannot abduct past the midline – it cannot look sideways, toward the temple. Partial damage to the sixth nerve causes weak or incomplete abduction of the affected eye. The diplopia is worse on attempted lateral gaze, as would be expected (since the lateral gaze muscle is impaired).

Peripheral sixth nerve damage can be caused by tumors, aneurysms, or fractures – anything that directly compresses or stretches the nerve. Other processes that can damage the sixth nerve include strokes (infarctions), demyelination, infections (e.g. meningitis), cavernous sinus diseases and various neuropathies. Perhaps the most common overall cause of sixth nerve impairment is diabetic neuropathy.

Rare causes of isolated sixth nerve damage include Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome and Tolosa-Hunt syndrome. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is caused by thiamine deficiency, classically due to alcoholism. The characteristic ocular abnormalities are nystagmus and lateral rectus weakness. Tolosa-Hunt syndrome is an idiopathic granulomatous disease that causes painful oculomotor (especially sixth nerve) palsies.

Indirect damage to the sixth nerve can be caused by any process (brain tumor, hydrocephalus, pseudotumor cerebri, hemorrhage, edema) that exerts downward pressure on the brainstem, causing the nerve to stretch along the clivus. This type of traction injury can affect either side first. A right-sided brain tumor can produce either a right-sided or a left-sided sixth nerve palsy as an initial sign. Thus a right-sided sixth nerve palsy does not necessarily imply a right-sided cause. Sixth nerve palsies are infamous as “false localizing signs.” Isolated sixth nerve palsies in children are assumed to be due to brain tumors until proven otherwise.

Nuclear lesions

Damage to the abducens nucleus does not produce an isolated sixth nerve palsy, but rather a horizontal gaze palsy that affects both eyes simultaneously. The abducens nucleus contains two types of cells: motor neurons that control the lateral rectus muscle on the same side, and interneurons that cross the midline and connect to the contralateral oculomotor nucleus (which controls the medial rectus muscle of the opposite eye). In normal vision, lateral movement of one eye (lateral rectus muscle) is precisely coupled to medial movement of the other eye (medial rectus muscle), so that both eyes remain fixed on the same object.

The control of conjugate gaze is mediated in the brainstem by the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF), a nerve tract that connects the three extraocular motor nuclei (abducens, trochlear and oculomotor) into a single functional unit. Lesions of the abducens nucleus and the MLF produce observable sixth nerve problems, most notably internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO).

Supranuclear lesions

The sixth nerve is one of the final common pathways for numerous cortical systems that control eye movement in general. Cortical control of eye movement (saccades, smooth pursuit, accommodation) involves conjugate gaze, not unilateral eye movement.

Tuberculosis

15-40% of people with tuberculosis have some resulting cranial nerve deficit. The sixth nerve is the most commonly affected cranial nerve in immunocompetent people with tuberculosis.

References

  1. ^ Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology. Terminologia Anatomica. Thieme, 1998
  2. ^ Standring S (ed.) Gray’s Anatomy, 39th edition. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, 2005

Bibliography

  • Blumenfeld H. Neuroanatomy Through Clinical Cases. Sinauer Associates, 2002
  • Brodal A. Neurological Anatomy in Relation to Clinical Medicine, 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 1981
  • Brodal P. The Central Nervous System, 3rded. Oxford University Press, 2004
  • Butler AB, Hodos W. Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy, 2nd ed. Wiley-Interscience, 2005
  • Carpenter MB. Core Text of Neuroanatomy, 4th ed. Williams & Wilkins, 1991.
  • Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessell TM. Principles of Neural Science, 4th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2000
  • Martin JH. Neuroanatomy Text and Atlas, 3rd ed. McGraw-Hill, 2003.
  • Patten J. Neurological Differential Diagnosis, 2nd ed. Springer, 1996.
  • Victor, M, Ropper, AH. Adam’s and Victor’s Principles of Neurology, 7th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.
  • Wilson-Pauwels L, Akesson EJ, Stewart PA. Cranial Nerves: Anatomy and Clinical Comments. Decker, 1998.

Additional images

See also

  • Sixth (abducent) nerve palsy

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужна курсовая?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • abducens nerve — n either of the sixth pair of cranial nerves which are motor nerves, arise beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle, and supply the lateral rectus muscle of each eye called also abducent nerve, sixth cranial nerve * * * the sixth cranial nerves… …   Medical dictionary

  • abducens nerve — noun a small motor nerve supplying the lateral rectus muscle of the eye • Syn: ↑abducent, ↑abducent nerve, ↑abducens, ↑nervus abducens, ↑sixth cranial nerve • Hypernyms: ↑cranial nerve …   Useful english dictionary

  • abducens nerve — Anat. either one of the sixth pair of cranial nerves composed of motor fibers that innervate the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. Also called abducens, abducent nerve. [1900 05] * * * …   Universalium

  • abducens nerve — noun Etymology: New Latin abducent , abducens, from Latin, present participle of abducere Date: 1947 either of the sixth pair of cranial nerves that are motor nerves supplying the rectus on the outer and lateral side of each eye called also… …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • abducens nerve — cranial nerve VI, innervating the lateral rectus eye muscle which rotates the eyeball laterally and the retractor bulbi muscles in part. See cranial nerves …   Dictionary of ichthyology

  • abducens nerve — noun A nerve that controls the lateral rectus muscle, in the eye …   Wiktionary

  • abducens nerve — the sixth cranial nerve (VI), which supplies the lateral rectus muscle of each eyeball, responsible for turning the eye outwards …   The new mediacal dictionary

  • abducens nerve — ab•du′cens nerve [[t]æbˈdu sɛnz, sənz, ˈdyu [/t]] n. anat. either one of the sixth pair of cranial nerves, composed of motor fibers that innervate the lateral rectus muscle of the eye • Etymology: 1900–05 …   From formal English to slang

  • abducens palsy — abducens nerve palsy paralysis of the lateral rectus muscle of the eye due to lesion of the abducens nerve, with internal strabismus and diplopia. Called also abducens paralysis and lateral rectus or sixth nerve palsy …   Medical dictionary

  • Abducens nucleus — Brain: Abducens nucleus The cranial nerve nuclei schematically represented; dorsal view. Motor nuclei in red; sensory in blue. The olfactory and optic centers are not represented. (Abducens nucleus is VI) Latin nucleus nervi abducentis Gray s …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”