- Withering abalone syndrome
Withering abalone syndrome is a disease of the
abalone shellfish , primarily found in the black andred abalone species.First described in
1986 , it is caused by thebacterium "Candidatus " Xenohaliotis californiensis", which attacks the lining of the abalone'sdigestive tract , inhibiting the production of digestiveenzymes . To prevent starvation, the abalone consumes its own body mass, causing its characteristic muscular "foot" to wither andatrophy . This impairs the abalone's ability to adhere to rocks, making it far more vulnerable topredation . Withered abalone not eaten by predators typically starve.For reasons not yet well understood, some abalone can be infected with the bacterium without developing the disease. It is believed, however, that changes in environmental conditions, such as warmer than normal water temperatures, may induce the disease in abalone that already harbor the bacterium. For this reason, the spread of the bacterium could lead to further declines in abalone populations, especially during
El Niño events, when water temperatures rise.Once a valuable
fishery , abalone in Southern and CentralCalifornia have been decimated by commercial and sport fishing, and more recently by this disease. Some populations of black abalone have declined nearly 99 percent since the disease was first observed in the Channel Islands off Santa Barbara.Resources
* [http://www-csgc.ucsd.edu/STORIES/AbWhither.html California Sea Grant's Withering foot story]
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