Oystercatcher

Oystercatcher
Oystercatchers
Pied Oystercatcher
(Haematopus longirostris)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Charadriiformes
Family: Haematopodidae
Bonaparte, 1838
Genus: Haematopus
Linnaeus, 1758
Species

See text.

Texas City Dike, Texas
American Oystercatcher

The oystercatchers are a group of waders; they form the family Haematopodidae, which has a single genus, Haematopus. They are found on coasts worldwide apart from the polar regions and some tropical regions of Africa and South East Asia. The exception to this is the Eurasian Oystercatcher and the South Island Oystercatcher, both of which breed inland, far inland in some cases. In the past there has been a great deal of confusion as to the species limits, with discrete populations of all black oystercatchers being afforded specific status but pied oystercatchers being considered one single species.[1]

The name oystercatcher was coined by Mark Catesby in 1731 as a common name for the North American species H. palliatus, described as eating oysters.[2] Yarrell in 1843 established this as the preferred term, replacing the older name Sea Pie.[2]

Contents

Appearance and habits

The different species of oystercatcher show little variation in shape or appearance. They range from 39–50 cm (15–20 in) in length and 72–91 cm (28–36 in) in wingspan. The Eurasian Oystercatcher is the lightest on average, at 526 g (1.16 lb), while the Sooty Oystercatcher is the heaviest, at 833 g (1.84 lb).[3] The plumage of all species is either all-black, or black (or dark brown) on top and white underneath. The Variable Oystercatcher is slightly exceptional in being either all-black or pied. They are large, obvious, and noisy plover-like birds, with massive long orange or red bills used for smashing or prying open molluscs. The bill shape varies between species, according to the diet. Those birds with blade-like bill tips pry open or smash mollusc shells, and those with pointed bill tips tend to probe for annelid worms. They show sexual dimorphism, with females being longer-billed and heavier than males.[1]

The diet of oystercatchers varies with location. Species occurring inland feed upon earthworms and insect larvae.[1] The diet of coastal oystercatchers is more varied, although dependent upon coast type; on estuaries bivalves, gastropods and polychaet worms are the most important part of the diet, where rocky shore oystercatchers prey upon limpets, mussels, gastropos and chitons. Other prey items include echinoderms, fish, and crabs.

All species of oystercatcher are generally monogamous, although there are reports of polygamy in the Eurasian Oystercatcher. They are territorial during the breeding season (with a few species defending territories year round). There is strong mate and site fidelity in the species that have been studied, with one record of a pair defending the same site for 20 years. A single nesting attempt is made per breeding season, which is timed over the summer months. The nests of oystercatchers are simple affairs, scrapes in the ground which may be lined, and placed in a spot with good visibility. The eggs of oystercatchers are spotted and cryptic. Between one and four eggs are laid, with three being typical in the Northern Hemisphere and two in the south. Incubation is shared but not proportionally, females tend to take more incubation and males engage in more territory defence. Incubation varies by species, lasting between 24–39 days. Oystercatchers are also known to practice "egg dumping." Like the cuckoo, they sometimes lay their eggs in the nests of other species such as seagulls, abandoning them to be raised by those birds.[4]

One species of oystercatcher became extinct during the 20th century, the Canarian Oystercatcher. Another species, the Chatham Oystercatcher, which is endemic to the Chatham Islands of New Zealand, is listed as endangered by the IUCN, and the African Oystercatcher is considered near threatened. In the past there has been conflict with commercial shellfish farmers, but studies have found that the impact of oystercatchers is much smaller than that of shore crabs.

Species

Species in taxonomic order
Common name Binomial Image
Magellanic Oystercatcher H. leucopodus
Magellanic Oystercatcher.jpg
Blackish Oystercatcher H. ater
Haematopus ater.jpg
Black Oystercatcher H. bachmani
Black Oystercatcher.jpg
American Oystercatcher H. palliatus
American Oystercatcher.jpg
Canarian Oystercatcher H. meadewaldoi
African Oystercatcher H. moquini
African Black Oystercatcher, (Haematopus moquini) standing on the sand.jpg
Eurasian Oystercatcher H. ostralegus
Haematopus ostralegus He.jpg
Pied Oystercatcher H. longirostris
Pied Oystercatcher.jpg
South Island Oystercatcher H. finschi
South Island pied oystercatcher 2c.JPG
Chatham Oystercatcher H. chathamensis
Variable Oystercatcher H. unicolor
Variable Oystercatcher.jpg
Sooty Oystercatcher H. fuliginosus
Sooty Oystercatcher.jpg

References

  1. ^ a b c Hockey, P (1996) Family Haematopodidae (Oystercatchers) in del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (1996). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 3: Hoatzin to Auks. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 8487334202
  2. ^ a b Lockwood, W B (1993). The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names. OUP. ISBN 978-0198661962. 
  3. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0849342585.
  4. ^ Birds Dumping Eggs on the Neighbors

External links


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Look at other dictionaries:

  • oystercatcher — oystercatcher, oyster catcher oyster catcher . (Zo[ o]l.), Any one of several species of wading birds of the genus {H[ae]matopus} having stout legs and bill and mostly black and white plumage, which frequent seashores and feed upon oysters and… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • oystercatcher — ► NOUN ▪ a wading bird with black or black and white plumage and a strong orange red bill, feeding chiefly on shellfish …   English terms dictionary

  • oystercatcher — ☆ oystercatcher [ois′tər kach΄ər ] n. any of a family (Haematopodidae) of large, black and white shorebirds with a strong, reddish, wedge shaped beak and stout legs, feeding chiefly on bivalve mollusks; esp., an American species (Haematopus… …   English World dictionary

  • oystercatcher — /oy steuhr kach euhr/, n. any of several long billed wading birds of the genus Haematopus that have chiefly black and white plumage and that feed on oysters, clams, mussels, etc. Also, oyster catcher. [1725 35, Amer.; OYSTER + CATCHER] * * * Any… …   Universalium

  • oystercatcher — UK [ˈɔɪstə(r)ˌkætʃə(r)] / US [ˈɔɪstərˌkætʃər] noun [countable] Word forms oystercatcher : singular oystercatcher plural oystercatchers a large bird that lives near the sea and eats shellfish …   English dictionary

  • oystercatcher — [[t]ɔ͟ɪstə(r)kætʃə(r)[/t]] oystercatchers N COUNT An oystercatcher is a black and white bird with a long red beak. It lives near the sea and eats small shellfish …   English dictionary

  • oystercatcher — /ˈɔɪstəkætʃə / (say oystuhkachuh) noun any of several long billed, maritime wading birds constituting the genus Haematopus, with a plumage chiefly of black and white, as the pied oystercatcher, H. longirostris, of Eurasia, southern Africa and… …  

  • Oystercatcher — jūršarkė statusas T sritis zoologija | vardynas atitikmenys: lot. Haematopus ostralegus angl. Oystercatcher vok. Austernfischer …   Paukščių anatomijos terminai

  • Oystercatcher Lodge — (St Helena Bay,Южно Африканская Республика) Категория отеля: 4 звездочный отель Адрес …   Каталог отелей

  • oystercatcher — noun Date: 1731 any of a family (Haematopodidae containing a single genus Haematopus) of wading birds that have stout legs, a heavy wedge shaped bill, and often black and white plumage …   New Collegiate Dictionary

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