Musk

Musk
Moschus moschiferus, Siberian musk deer

Musk is a class of aromatic substances commonly used as base notes in perfumery. They include glandular secretions from animals such as the musk deer, numerous plants emitting similar fragrances, and artificial substances with similar odors.[1][2] Musk was a name originally given to a substance with a penetrating odor obtained from a gland of the male musk deer. The substance has been used as a popular perfume fixative since ancient times and is one of the most expensive animal products in the world. The name, originated from Sanskrit muṣká meaning "testicle," has come to encompass a wide variety of substances with somewhat similar odors although many of them are quite different in their chemical structures.

Until the late 19th century, natural musk was used extensively in perfumery until economic and ethical motives led to the adoption of synthetic musk, which is now used almost exclusively.[3] The organic compound primarily responsible for the characteristic odor of musk is muscone.

Modern use of natural musk pods occurs in traditional Chinese medicine.

Contents

Natural sources

Musk deer

"Musk-cat", woodcut from Hortus Sanitatis, 1490

The musk deer belongs to the family Moschidae and lives in India, Pakistan, Tibet, China, Siberia and Mongolia. To obtain the musk, the deer is killed and its gland, also called "musk pod", is removed. Upon drying, the reddish-brown paste inside the musk pod turns into a black granular material called "musk grain", which is then tinctured with alcohol. The aroma of the tincture gives a pleasant odor only after it is considerably diluted. No other natural substance has such a complex aroma associated with so many contradictory descriptions; however, it is usually described abstractly as animalic, earthy and woody[3] or something akin to the odor of baby's skin.[4]

Musk has been a key constituent in many perfumes since its discovery, being held to give a perfume long-lasting power as a fixative. Today the trade quantity of the natural musk is controlled by CITES but illegal poaching and trading continues.[4]

In Ayurveda, Musk has been considered as a life saving drug and used in various cardiac, mental and neurological disorders. It has also been included in various compound formulations like Kasturi Bhairav Ras, Kasturi Modak, Mrignabhyadi Vati and Mrigamadsar etc., which have wide therapeutic applications.

Other animals

Ondatra zibethicus, the muskrat

Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), a rodent native to North America, has been known since the 17th century to secrete a glandular substance with a musky odor.[5] A chemical means of extracting it was discovered in the 1940s, but it did not prove commercially worthwhile.[5]

Glandular substances with musk-like odor are also obtained from the musk duck (Biziura lobata) of southern Australia, the muskox, the musk shrew, the musk beetle (Aromia moschata), African civet (Civettictis civetta), the musk turtle, the alligator of Central America, and from several other animals.

In crocodiles, there are two pairs of musk glands, one pair situated at the corner of the jaw and the other pair in the cloaca.[6] Musk glands are also found in snakes.

Plants

Some plants such as Angelica archangelica or Abelmoschus moschatus produce musky smelling macrocyclic lactone compounds. These compounds are widely used in perfumery as substitutes for animal musk or to alter the smell of a mixture of other musks.

The plant sources include musk flower (Mimulus moschatus), the muskwood (Olearia argophylla) of the Guianas and West Indies, and the seeds of Abelmoschus moschatus (musk seeds).

Artificial compounds

Galaxolide, a polycyclic musk commonly found in laundry detergents to mask the smell of the detergent chemicals. It is also the aroma compound in laundry detergents responsible for giving washed laundry the "clean scent" that consumers have learned to expect and in many cases, demand.

Since obtaining the deer musk requires killing the endangered animal, nearly all musk fragrance used in perfumery today is synthetic, sometimes called "white musk". They can be divided into three major classes: aromatic nitro musks, polycyclic musk compounds, and macrocyclic musk compounds.[3] The first two groups have broad uses in industry ranging from cosmetics to detergents. However, the detection of the first two chemical groups in human and environmental samples as well as their carcinogenic properties initiated a public debate on the use of these compounds and a ban or reduction of their use in many regions of the world. Macrocyclic musk compounds are expected to replace them since these compounds appear to be safer.[3]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary: musk". Merriam-Webster. http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/musk. Retrieved 2007-04-07. 
  2. ^ Chantraine, Pierre (1990). Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque. Klincksieck. pp. 715. ISBN 2-252-03277-4. 
  3. ^ a b c d Rimkus, Gerhard G. (Ed.); Cornelia Sommer (2004). "The Role of Musk and Musk Compounds in the Fragrance Industry". Synthetic Musk Fragrances in the Environment (Handbook of Environmental Chemistry). Springer. ISBN 3540437061. 
  4. ^ a b Rowe, David J. (Ed.); Philip Kraft (2004). "Chapter 7. Aroma Chemicals IV: Musks". Chemistry and Technology of Flavours and Fragrances. Blackwell. ISBN 084932372X. 
  5. ^ a b Groom, Nigel (1997). New Perfume Handbook. Springer. pp. 219–220. ISBN 0751404039. 
  6. ^ Wareham, D.C. (2005). Elsevier's Dictionary of Herpetological and Related Terminology. Elsevier Science. pp. 129. ISBN 0444518630. 

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domainChisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 

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Look at other dictionaries:

  • Musk — (m[u^]sk), n. [F. musc, L. muscus, Per. musk, fr. Skr. mushka testicle, orig., a little mouse. See {Mouse}, and cd. {Abelmosk}, {Muscadel}, {Muscovy duck}, {Nutmeg}.] 1. A substance of a reddish brown color, and when fresh of the consistency of… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Musk ox — Musk Musk (m[u^]sk), n. [F. musc, L. muscus, Per. musk, fr. Skr. mushka testicle, orig., a little mouse. See {Mouse}, and cd. {Abelmosk}, {Muscadel}, {Muscovy duck}, {Nutmeg}.] 1. A substance of a reddish brown color, and when fresh of the… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • musk ox — n. a hardy ox (Ovibos moschatus) of arctic America and Greenland, with a long, coarse, hairy coat, large, curved horns, and a musklike odor * * * Arctic ruminant (bovid species Ovibos moschatus) with a musky odour, large head, and small ears. The …   Universalium

  • musk — /musk/, n. 1. a substance secreted in a glandular sac under the skin of the abdomen of the male musk deer, having a strong odor, and used in perfumery. 2. an artificial imitation of the substance. 3. a similar secretion of other animals, as the… …   Universalium

  • musk — [musk] n. [OFr musc < LL muscus < Gr moschos < Pers mušk, musk < Sans muṣka, testicle, dim. of mus,MOUSE] 1. a substance with a strong, penetrating odor, obtained from a small sac (musk bag) under the skin of the abdomen in the male… …   English World dictionary

  • musk — ► NOUN 1) a strong smelling substance secreted by the male musk deer, used as an ingredient in perfumery. 2) (also musk plant) a musk scented plant related to the monkey flower. DERIVATIVES muskiness noun musky adjective (muskier, muskiest) …   English terms dictionary

  • musk — musk; musk·ish; musk·melon; musk·rat; abel·musk; …   English syllables

  • Musk — (m[u^]sk), v. t. To perfume with musk. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • musk — (n.) late 14c., from O.Fr. musc (13c.) and directly from L.L. muscus, from Late Gk. moskhos, from Pers. mushk, from Skt. muska s testicle, from mus mouse (so called, presumably, for resemblance; see MUSCLE (Cf. muscle)). The deer gland was… …   Etymology dictionary

  • musk ox — plural musk oxen n a large animal with long brown or black hair and curved horns, which lives in northern Canada and Greenland …   Dictionary of contemporary English

  • musk — [mʌsk] n [U] [Date: 1300 1400; : French; Origin: musc, from Late Latin muscus, from Greek moschos, from Persian mushk, from Sanskrit muska testicle ; because the substance comes from a part of a deer near its testicles] 1.) a substance with a… …   Dictionary of contemporary English

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