Japan–Korea relations

Japanese–Korean relations involve three parties: Japan, North Korea, and South Korea. Japan's relations with North Korea and South Korea has a legacy of bitterness stemming from harsh Japanese colonial rule over Korea from 1910 to 1945.

In the early 2000s, Japan-South Korea relationship soured when the Japanese prime minister Junichiro Koizumi visited the Yasukuni shrine. Conflict continues over claims for the Liancourt Rocks, a small island in the Sea of Japan (East Sea). Bilaterally and through the Six-Party Talks, North Korea and Japan continue to discuss Japanese citizens abducted by North Korea during 1970s and 1980s.

Japan–North Korea

Japan-North Korea relations turned more antagonistic in the late 1980s. The two governments did not maintain diplomatic relations and had no substantive contacts. The opposition Japan Socialist Party, however, had cordial relations with the North Korean regime. Japan allowed trade with North Korea only through unofficial channels reportedly exceeding US$200 million annually in the 1980s.

Issues in Japan-North relations that produced tensions included North Korean media attacks on Japan, Japan's imposition of economic sanctions on North Korea for terrorist acts against South Korea in the 1980s, and unpaid North Korean debts to Japanese enterprises of about $50 million.

Until the late 1980s, North Korea's post-World War II policy toward Japan was mainly aimed at minimizing cooperation between South Korea and Japan, and at deterring Japan's rearmament while striving for closer diplomatic and commercial ties with Japan. Crucial to this policy was the fostering within Japan of support for North Korea, especially among the Japanese who supported the Japanese communist and socialist parties and the Korean residents of Japan.

Over the years, however, North Korea did much to discredit itself in the eyes of many potential supporters in Japan. Japanese who had accompanied their spouses to North Korea had endured severe hardships and were prevented from communicating with relatives and friends in Japan. Japan watched with disdain as North Korea gave safe haven to elements of the Japanese Red Army, a terrorist group. North Korea's inability and refusal to pay its debts to Japanese traders also reinforced popular Japanese disdain for North Korea.

Normalization talks

In the early 1990s, Japan continued to conduct lengthy negotiations with North Korea aimed at establishing diplomatic relations with Pyongyang while maintaining its relations with Seoul. In January 1991, Japan began normalization talks with Pyongyang with a formal apology for its 1910-45 colonial rule of the Korean Peninsula. The negotiations were aided by Tokyo's support of a proposal for simultaneous entry to the United Nations by North Korea and South Korea; the issues of international inspection of North Korean nuclear facilities and the nature and amount of Japanese compensations, however, proved more difficult to negotiate.

Coincidental with the changing patterns in its relations with China and Russia, North Korea has moved to improve its strained relations with Japan. Pyongyang's primary motives appear to be a quest for relief from diplomatic and economic isolation, which has also caused serious shortages of food, energy, and hard currency. Normalization of relations with Japan also raises the possibility of North Korea's gaining monetary compensation for the period of Japan's colonial rule (1910-45), a precedent set when Japan normalized relations with South Korea.

The first round of normalization talks was held January 30- 31, 1991, but quickly broke down over the question of compensation. Pyongyang has demanded compensation for damages incurred during colonial rule as well as for "sufferings and losses" in the post-World War II period. Japan, however, insists that North Korea first resolve its differences with South Korea over the question of bilateral nuclear inspections. Other points of contention are North Korea's refusal both to provide information about Japanese citizens who had migrated to North Korea with their Korean spouses in the 1960s, and the issue of Japanese soldiers taken prisoner by the Soviets during WWII and sent to North Korea. [cite news|url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/04/01/japanesedied.shtml|date=2005-04-01|accessdate=2007-02-23|title=Russia Acknowledges Sending Japanese Prisoners of War to North Korea|publisher=Mosnews.com] [cite journal|url=http://www.jpri.org/publications/critiques/critique_IV_10.html|journal=Japan Policy Research Institute Critique|volume=4|number=10|date=November 1997|accessdate=2007-03-16|last=Kim|first=Yong Mok|title=The Dilemma of North Korea's Japanese Wives]

Abductions

North Korea has refused to discuss the case of Yi Un Hee, a Korean resident of Japan whom North Korean agents had kidnapped to North Korea to teach Japanese in a school for espionage agents. [cite web|url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+kp0119) |title=North Korea; Japan|accessdate=2007-02-21 |last=Kim|first=Pan Suk |work=Library of Congress Country Studies |archivedate=] For many years the North denied the abductions but admitted to 13 of them in 2002. In 2002 and 2004, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi made two high-profile visits to Pyongyang to press for their return. North Korea eventually returned five of the thirteen kidnapped, claiming the other eight had died.cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= Richard Hanson|coauthors= |title= The ashes of little Megumi|url= http://atimes.com/atimes/Japan/FK18Dh01.html|format= |work= |publisher= Asia Times Online|id= |pages= |page= |date= 2004-11-18|accessdate= 2007-01-19|language= English|quote= ] cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= Kosuke Takahashi|coauthors= |title= Koizumi: Risky mission half accomplished|url= http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/FE25Dh04.html|format= |work= |publisher= Asia Times Online|id= |pages= |page= |date= 2004-05-25|accessdate= 2007-01-19|language= English|quote= ] [cite book |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= Tessa Morris-Suzuki|coauthors= |title= Exodus to North Korea|url=|format= |work= |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.|id= |pages=page 17 |page=17 |date= 2007|accessdate= 2007-05-21|language= English|quote= ] The positive effect on relations disintegrated when Japan claimed that a DNA test had proved that the returned remains of Megumi Yokota, kidnapped at 13 and said by the North to have committed suicide, were in fact not hers.cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= Won-Jae Park|coauthors= |title= Clues Found in North Korean Kidnappings|url= http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode=060000&biid=2006010741858|format= |work= |publisher= Donga|id= |pages= |page= |date= 2006-01-07|accessdate= 2007-01-19|language= English|quote= ] The negotiation on North Korea have been suspended because of a dispute over the North's kidnapping of Japanese citizens in the 1970s and 1980s, Yonhap quoted a Japanese newspaper as saying. Japan is pressing North Korea to come clean on the abduction but Pyongyang insists that the issue has already been resolved.

Many North Korean citizens rely on money sent from relatives in Japan. Some in Japan believe that the government should threaten to cut off those remittances to force Pyongyang to make concessions. Others believe that the hard right in Japan is exploiting that and other issues to advance its own nationalist agenda.cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= Victor Fic|coauthors= |title= Japanese right manipulates abduction issue|url= http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/FA15Dh03.html|format= |work= |publisher= Asia Times Online|id= |pages= |page= |date= 2004-01-15|accessdate= 2007-01-19|language= English|quote= ]

Other activity

There have also been several Confrontations between the two nations over North Korean clandestine activity within Japan besides the abductions including drug smuggling, marine poaching, as well as spying. North Korean missile tests are also a concern for Japan because the missiles sometimes travel through Japanese airspace and territory.

ix-party talks

On February 13, 2007, the six-party talks produced an agreement in which North Korea agreed to shut down the Yongbyon nuclear facility in exchange for fuel aid and steps towards normalization of relations with both the United States and Japan. [cite web |url=http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/t297463.htm |title=Initial Actions for the Implementation of the Joint Statement |accessdate=2007-02-13 |date=2007-02-13 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China website] ] [cite news |title=Rice hails N Korea nuclear deal |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6358797.stm |work=BBC News |date=2007-02-13 |accessdate=2007-02-13 ]

Recent bilateral talks

The two states held bilateral talks in September 2007, which were resumed in June 2008. [cite news |title= Japan and N Korea re-open talks |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7439190.stm |work=BBC News |date=2007-06-07 |accessdate=2008-06-07 ]

Japan–South Korea

Article 9 of Japan's constitution is interpreted to bar Japan from entering into security relations with countries other than the United States. Consequently, Japan had no substantive defense relationship with South Korea, and military contacts were infrequent. However, Japan backed United States contingency plans to dispatch United States armed forces in Japan to South Korea in case of a North Korean attack on South Korea. It also supported the opening of relations between South Korea and China in the 1980s. Since the Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea, Japan has recognized South Korea as the only legitimate government of the whole Korean peninsula.

Since normalizing relations at the urging of the United States in 1965, Seoul and Tokyo have held annual foreign ministerial conferences. The usual issues discussed have been trade, the status of the Korean minority population in Japan, the content of textbooks dealing with the relationship, Tokyo's equidistant policy between Pyongyang and Seoul, and the occasional problems.

Roh Tae-woo's Nordpolitik somewhat relaxed Seoul's vehement opposition to Tokyo's approach to Pyongyang. The Japan Socialist Party, in particular, has become active in improving relations not only between Pyongyang and Tokyo, but also between itself and Seoul. As the Japan Socialist Party abandoned its posture favoring Pyongyang, Seoul has welcomed the new equidistant policy, inviting a former secretary general of the Japan Socialist Party, Masashi Ishibashi, to Seoul in October 1988. Ishibashi's visit was unusually productive, not only in improving his party's image in Seoul, but also in his reported willingness to mediate between Seoul and Pyongyang. While Tokyo appeared willing to assist Seoul in improving relations not only with Pyongyang but also with Beijing, it did not seem to welcome the much-improved Seoul-Moscow relationship. Further, Seoul-Tokyo relations became somewhat strained when in 1989 Tokyo began steps to improve relations with Pyongyang.

Japan's trade with South Korea was US$29.1 billion in 1991, with a surplus of nearly US$5.8 billion on the Japanese side. Japanese direct private investment in South Korea totaled US$4.4 billion in 1990. Japanese and South Korean firms often had interdependent relations, which gave Japan advantages in South Korea's growing market. Many South Korean products were based on Japanese design and technology. A surge in imports of South Korean products into Japan in 1990 was partly the result of production by Japanese investors in South Korea.

In 1996 FIFA announced that the two countries would jointly host the 2002 FIFA World Cup. The next few years would see leaders of both countries meet to warm relations in preparations for the games.cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= |coauthors= |title= South Korean leader bids farewell to Japanese emperor|url= http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9810/09/korea.japan.01/|format= |work= |publisher= CNN|id= |pages= 2|page= 1|date= 1998-10-09|accessdate= 2007-01-19|language= English|quote= ] Though citizens of both countries were initially unhappy about having to share the honors with the other, and the Liancourt Rocks controversy flared up again, it turned out to be very successful.

The year 2005 was designated as the "Japan-South Korea Friendship Year". However, the Liancourt Rocks controversy erupted again when Japan's Shimane prefecture declared "Takeshima Day", inciting mass demonstrations in South Korea. .cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= Charles Scanlon|coauthors= |title= S Korean fury over island dispute|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4347851.stm|format= |work= |publisher= BBC|id= |pages= |page= |date= 2005-03-14|accessdate= 2007-01-19|language= English|quote= ]

Other issues that came up in 2005 included the history textbook controversy. While outrage over these issues is significant, some observers believe that politicians in both countries use them to manipulate public opinion, whipping up nationalist fury to win votes; there appears to be no end in sight to the controversies. There are also concerns in South Korea about Japan's apparent strengthening of its national defense force.cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |author= Hisane Masaki |coauthors= |title=Japan puts its defense in order|url= http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Japan/GL22Dh02.html|format= |work= |publisher= Asia Times|id= |pages= |page= |date= 2005-12-22|accessdate= 2007-01-19|language= English|quote= ]

Cultural exchange

From South Korea to Japan

In recent years, South Korean pop culture experienced major popularity in Japan, a phenomenon dubbed the nihongo|"Korean wave"|韓流 or Hallyu in Japan. Winter Sonata was "the first of many hot Korean television dramas to hit Japan," according to the Washington Post in 2004. [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/30/AR2006083002985.html Japanese Women Catch the Korean Wave, Washington Post, August 31, 2006] The female K-pop artist BoA is one of the most popular singers in Japan with six consecutive albums topping the billboard charts. However, several organizations such as Fuji Television and Bloomberg have claimed the Korean boom in Japan began declining in 2007. 82 percent of South Korea movies exported to Japan have recorded a deficit, which amounted to 9.5 billion won in total. [cite news | title=후지TV “한국 영화시장은 버블 붕괴 진행 중” | author=주미옥 | publisher=Seoul Shinmun | date=2007-11-20]

From Japan to South Korea

From the end of the Korea under Japanese rule, South Korea had banned Japanese cultural products such as music, film, manga and books for decades. In South Korea, the ban was partially lifted under the Kim Dae-jung administration in 1998. [cite news | first=Yasushi | last=Azuma |title= Release of bilingual CD aims to soothe Tokyo-Seoul discord | url=http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20010501c3.html | publisher=Kyodo News (The Japan Times) |date= 2001-05-01|accessdate= 2007-01-19] [http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/korea/bunka/index.html] As a result, translations and adaptations of Japanese cultural products such as music, manga, anime, video games, TV dramas and novels, are seeing "explosive sales" in South Korea. cite news |title= Korea Can’t Keep Siphoning Off Japanese Culture |url= http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200703/200703270031.html | publisher=The Chosun Ilbo |date= 2006-11-06|accessdate= 2007-01-19]

The Japanese onslaught is evident in literature as well. Japanese literature is the most translated foreign literature in South Korea, dominating 32% of the market share. cite news | title= 韓国の翻訳出版　日本文学が一番多い | url=http://world.kbs.co.kr/japanese/news/news_detail.htm?No=26270|publisher=Korean Broadcasting System|date=2007-01-09|accessdate= 2007-01-19|language=Japanese] cite news | title=Young Women Spearhead Japanese Literary Wave | url=http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200511/200511060006.html|publisher=The Chosun Ilbo | date=2006-11-06 | accessdate=2007-01-19] [cite news | title=日本小説にはまる韓国人が急増 | author = ソン・ミンホ | url=http://japanese.joins.com/article/article.php?aid=65247&servcode=700&sectcode=700 | publisher=JoongAng Ilbo | date=2005-07-05 | accessdate=2007-10-22] Popular Japanese authors include Haruki Murakami, Banana Yoshimoto, and Kaori Ekuni.

Korean drama production companies are competing to secure the rights to Japanese novels and manga. In the film industry, the number of movies based on Japanese works is also increasing. [http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200703/200703260027.html] The recent hit movies Oldboy, 200 Pounds Beauty and the Korean television drama White Tower are both based on original Japanese versions. cite news | title= [Opinion] The Japanese Wave | url=http://english.donga.com/srv/service.php3?bicode=100000&biid=2007032714868 | publisher=Dong-a Ilbo | date= March 27, 2007 | accessdate=2007-10-22] Howl's Moving Castle, an Japanese animation film, drew 3,000,000 viewers in the South Korean market. [ [http://www.nkino.com/Movies/Movie_Detail.asp?Id=11561 Howl's Moving Castle - Box-office record in South Korea] (Korean Language)]

ee also

* Foreign relations of Japan
* Foreign relations of North Korea
** Timeline of Japan-North Korea relations
* Foreign relations of South Korea
** Timeline of Japan-South Korea relations
* Treaty on Basic Relations between South Korea and Japan
* Japanese-Korean disputes
* Japan-Korea Undersea Tunnel

References

* - [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/jptoc.html Japan]

External links

* [http://www.mofat.go.kr/ee/ee_a001/ee_jpjp/ee_jpjp02.jsp South Korean embassy in Japan]
* [http://www.kr.emb-japan.go.jp/ Japanese embassy in South Korea]
* [http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_la_Cor%C3%A9e_du_Nord_et_le_Japon Relations entre la Corée du Nord et le Japon] - French Wikipedia