Venetian Lagoon

The Venetian Lagoon is the enclosed bay of the Adriatic Sea in which the city of Venice is situated. Its name in the Venetian language, "Laguna Veneta"— cognate of Latin "lacus", "lake"— has provided the international name for an enclosed, shallow embayment of saltwater, a lagoon.

The Venetian Lagoon stretches from the Sile in the north to the Brenta in the south, with a surface area of around 550 km². It is around 8% land, including Venice itself and many smaller islands. About 11% is permanently covered by open water, or canal as the network of dredged channels are called, while around 80% consists of mud flats, tidal shallows and salt marshes. The lagoon is the largest wetland in the Mediterranean Basin. [Poggioli, Sylvia (January 7, 2008). [http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=17855145 "MOSE Project Aims to Part Venice Floods"] . "Morning Edition", radio program.]

It is connected to the Adriatic Sea by three inlets: Lido, Malamocco and Chioggia inlets. Sited at the end of a largely enclosed sea, the lagoon is subject to high variations in water level, the most extreme being the spring tides known as the "acqua alta" (Italian for "high waters"), which regularly flood much of Venice.

The Lagoon of Venice is the most important survivor of a system of estuarine lagoons that in Roman times extended from Ravenna north to Trieste. In the sixth century, the Lagoon gave security to Romanised people fleeing invaders (mostly the Huns). Later, it provided the naturally protected conditions for the growth of the Venetian Republic and its maritime empire. It still provides a base for a seaport, the Venetian Arsenal and for fishing, as well as a limited amount of hunting and the newer industry of fish farming.The Lagoon was formed about six to seven thousand years ago, when the marine transgression following the Ice Age flooded the upper Adriatic coastal plain. [This geological history follows Brambati et al. 2003 (references).] River sediments compensated for the sinking coastal plain, and coastwise drift from the mouth of the Po tended to close tidal inlets.

The present aspect of the Lagoon is due to human intervention. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Venetian hydraulic projects to prevent the lagoon from turning into a marsh reversed the natural evolution of the Lagoon. Pumping of aquifers since the nineteenth century has increased subsidence. Originally many of the Lagoon’s islands were marshy, but a gradual programme of drainage rendered them habitable. Many of the smaller islands are entirely artificial, while some areas around the seaport of the Mestre are also reclaimed islands. The remaining islands are essentially dunes, including those of the coastal strip (Lido, Pellestrina and Treporti).

The largest islands or archipelagos by area, excluding coastal reclaimed land and the coastal barrier beaches:
*Venice 5.17 km²
*Sant'Erasmo 3.26 km²
*Murano 1.17 km²
*Chioggia 0.67 km²
*Giudecca 0.59 km²
*Mazzorbo 0.52 km²
*Torcello 0.44 km²
*Sant'Elena 0.34 km²
*La Certosa 0.24 km²
*Burano 0.21 km²
*Tronchetto 0.18 km²
*Sacca Fisola 0.18 km²
*Isola Di San Michele 0.16 km²
*Sacca Sessola 0.16 km²
*Santa Cristina 0.13 km²

Other inhabited islands include:
*Cavallino
*Lazzaretto Nuovo
*Lazzaretto Vecchio
*Lido
*Pellestrina
*Poveglia
*San Clemente
*San Francesco del Deserto
*San Giorgio in Alga
*San Giorgio Maggiore
*San Lazzaro degli Armeni
*Santa Maria della Grazia
*San Pietro di Castello
*San Servolo
*Santo Spirito
*Sottomarina
*Vignole

ee also

*MOSE Project

Notes

External links

* [http://www.salve.it/uk/eco/destra/ecobase.htm Lagoon of Venice information]
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=venice,+italy&ll=45.367584,12.300568&spn=0.384961,1.315063&t=k&hl=en Satellite image from Google Maps]
* [http://www.istitutoveneto.it/venezia/milva MILVa - Interactive Map of Venice Lagoon]
* [http://www.comune.venezia.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/3836 Comune di Venezia, Servizio Mobilità Acquea, Thematic cartography of Venice Lagoon]
* [http://www.episodes.org/backissues/263/19Brambati.pdf Brambati, Antonio, Laura Carbognin, Tullio Quaia, Pietro Teatini and Pietro Tosi, "The Lagoon of Venice: geological setting, evolution and land subsidence" Sep [tember 2003] (pdf file)