Terezín

:"For the Nazi concentration camp, see Theresienstadt concentration camp. For the movie, see "Theresienstadt (film).

Geobox | Settlement
name = Terezín
other_name =
category = Town


image_caption = Inside Theresienstadt today


symbol = Terezín_znak.png etymology =
official_name =
motto =
nickname =
country = Czech Republic
country_

state =
region = Ústí nad Labem
region_type = Region
district = Litoměřice
district_type = District
commune = Litoměřice
municipality =
part =
river = Ohře
location =
elevation = 176
lat_d = 50
lat_m = 30
lat_s =
lat_NS = N
long_d = 14
long_m = 9
long_s =
long_EW = E
highest =
highest_elevation =
highest_lat_d =
highest_long_d =
lowest =
lowest_elevation =
lowest_lat_d =
lowest_long_d =
area = 13.52
area_round = 2
population = 3121
population_date =
population_density = auto
established = 1780
established_type = Founded
mayor = Jan Horníček
timezone =

---

map_background = Czechia - background map.png map_caption = Location in the Czech Republic
map_locator = Czechia
commons = Terezín
statistics = [http://www.statnisprava.cz/ebe/ciselniky.nsf/i/565717 statnisprava.cz]
website = [http://www.terezin.cz/ www.terezin.cz]
footnotes =

Terezín (IPA2|ˈtɛrɛzi:n; _de. Theresienstadt) is the name of a former military fortress and garrison town in the Ústí nad Labem Region of the Czech Republic.

Early history

In the late 18th century the Habsburg Monarchy erected the fortress near the confluence of the Labe and Ohře Rivers, and named it after Empress Maria Theresa.

Construction started in 1780 and lasted ten years. The total area of the fortress was 3.89 km². The fortification was designed in the tradition of Sébastian le Prestre de Vauban. In peacetime it held 5,655 soldiers, and in wartime around 11,000 soldiers could be placed here, and neighbouring areas could be inundated. Fortress Josefov in eastern Bohemia was built at the same time and had a similar purpose.

The fortress was never under direct siege. During the Austro-Prussian War, on 28th July 1866, part of the garrison attacked and destroyed an important railway bridge near Neratovice (rail line Turnov - Kralupy nad Vltavou) that was shortly before repaired by the Prussians. [Description of the attack, pictures of the destroyed bridge: Světozor, Sep 20, 1867 [http://archiv.ucl.cas.cz/index.php?path=Svetozor/1.1867/11/103.png] .]

During the second half of the 19th century the fortress was also used as a prison.

During World War I, the fortress was used as a political prison camp. Many thousand supporters of Russia (Russophiles from Galicia and Bukovina) were placed by Austro-Hungarian authorities in the fortress. Gavrilo Princip, who assassinated Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria and his wife, starting the war, died there of tuberculosis in 1918.

Terezín During World War II

During WWII, the Gestapo used Terezín, better known by the German name Theresienstadt, as a ghetto, concentrating Jews from Czechoslovakia, as well as many from Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and Denmark. Though it was not an extermination camp, of the over 150,000 Jews who arrived there, about 33,000 died in the ghetto itself, mostly because of the appalling conditions arising out of extreme population density. About 88,000 inhabitants were deported to Auschwitz and other extermination camps United States Holocaust Memorial Museum http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005424 (accessed May 7, 2007).] [ Theresienstädter Studien und Dokumente http://www.ceeol.org/aspx/publicationdetails.aspx?publicationId=4c1fc4b7-d52b-4cac-9a71-6d6728427207 (accessed October 5, 2007).] At the end of the war there were 17,247 survivors.Was the home of Hana Brady and her brother George Brady from 1942-1944.

Part of the fortification ("Small Fortress") served as the largest Gestapo prison in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, separated from the ghetto. Around 90,000 people went through it, and 2,600 of those died there.

It was liberated on May 9th, 1945 by the Soviet Army.

Terezín after World War II

After the German surrender the small fortress was used as an internment camp for ethnic Germans. The first prisoners arrived on the May 10, 1945. On February 29, 1948 the last German prisoners were released and the camp was officially closed. Among the interened Germans were on one hand former Nazis like Heinrich Jöckel, the former commander of Terezín and other SS members. On the other hand a great group of internees was arrested simply because of their German nationality, among them young boys of 12 years or elderly people.

In the first phase of the camp lasting until July 1945 mortality was high due to diseases, malnutrition and incidents of simple outright murder. Commander of the camp in that period was Stanislav Franc, who had been a prisoner of the camp under the Nazis since 1944. He was guided by a spirit of revenge and tolerated any mistreatment of the prisoners by the guards.

In July 1945 the camp shifted under the control of the Czech ministry for domestic affairs. The new commander appointed was Otakar Kálal. From 1946 on the inmates were gradually transferred to Germany and Terezín more and more turned into a hub for the forced migration of Germans from the Czech lands into Germany proper.

A small exhibition nowadays reminds of the history of Terezín as internment camp for Germans.

Terezín today

After the war, Theresienstadt was resurrected as Terezín, dropping the German "stadt" from its name but still retaining a military garrison. The army left the city in 1996, which had a negative effect on the local economy. Terezín is still trying to decouple from its military past and become a modern, vibrant town. The city was damaged by floods in 2002 [http://www.terezin.cz/mesto_p2002_fpterezin.htm (see pictures)] .

327 bronze markers stolen from the Jewish cemetery in mid-April 2008, with 700 more the next week. Some were recovered.cite journal | author=Patricia Treble| title=Meltdown: metal prices spur thieves| journal=Macleans Magazine| year=2008| page=35]

Terezín is noted for its production of furniture and knitwear as well as for manufacturing.

Twin towns
* Dębno, Poland
* Strausberg, Germany (1998)

References

External links

* [http://www.terezin.cz/ Municipal Website]
* [http://www.schinkelzentrum.tu-berlin.de/projekte/gede/tere_eng.html Fortress Details]
* [http://www.think-magazine.com/issue/11/3.html A Visit to Terezin, an article from Think Prague Magazine with pictures]
* [http://www.tiscali.cz/trav/trav_center_040326.714197.html Fortress details (in Czech)]
* [http://www.pamatnik-terezin.cz/showdoc.do?docid=164 Terezín Memorial]
* [http://www.scrapbookpages.com/CzechRepublic/Theresienstadt/TheresienstadtGhetto/index.html Tours of the Ghetto and Small Fortress]
* [http://www.documentary-art.net/tags/terezin Terezín Memorial Art-Installation]