The Marriage of Maria Braun

The Marriage of Maria Braun
Theatrical poster
Directed by	Rainer Werner Fassbinder
Produced by	Michael Fengler
Written by	Peter Märthesheimer Pea Fröhlich
Starring	Hanna Schygulla Klaus Löwitsch Ivan Desny Gisela Uhlen
Music by	Peer Raben
Cinematography	Michael Ballhaus
Editing by	Rainer Werner Fassbinder (as Franz Walsch) Juliane Lorenz
Studio	Albatros Filmproduktion Westdeutscher Rundfunk Trio Film
Release date(s)	February 20, 1979 (1979-02-20) (Berlinale) March 23, 1979 (1979-03-23) (West Germany)
Running time	115 minutes
Country	West Germany
Language	German
Budget	1.975 million DM[1]
Box office	4 million DM (West Germany) $1.8 million (USA, within the first six weeks)

The Marriage of Maria Braun (German: Die Ehe der Maria Braun) is a 1979 West German film directed by Rainer Werner Fassbinder. The film stars Hanna Schygulla as Maria, whose marriage with the soldier Hermann remained unfulfilled due to World War II and his post-war imprisonment. Maria adapts to the realities of post-war Germany and becomes the wealthy mistress of an industrialist, all the while staying true to her love to Hermann. The film was one of the more successful works of Fassbinder and shaped the image of the New German Cinema in foreign countries. The film is the first in Fassbinder's BRD Trilogy, followed by Veronika Voss and Lola.

Plot

The film starts in Germany in 1943. During an Allied bombing raid Maria (Hanna Schygulla) marries the soldier Hermann Braun (Klaus Löwitsch). After "half a day and a whole night" together, Hermann returns to the front. Postwar, Maria is told that Hermann has been killed. Maria starts work as a hostess in a bar frequented by American soldiers. She has a relationship with an African-American soldier Bill (George Byrd), who supports her and gives her nylon stockings and cigarettes. She becomes pregnant by Bill.

Hermann, who was not killed, returns home to discover Maria and Bill undressing each other. A fight between Hermann and Bill ensues. When Hermann seems in danger Maria unintentionally kills Bill striking his head with a full bottle. Maria is tried by a military tribune, and expresses her love for both Bill and Hermann - Hermann is so struck with Maria's devotion that he takes the blame for the killing and is imprisoned. Maria likely aborts her pregnancy and asks her doctor promise to maintain the grave. On the train home, Maria catches the eye of a wealthy industrialist, Karl Oswald (Ivan Desny). Oswald, an older man, offers her a position as his assistant, and shortly thereafter Maria becomes his mistress to "maintain the upper hand". Maria visits Hermann again and tells him about the development, promising that their life will start as soon as he is released. Maria becomes wealthy and buys a house.

Oswald visits Hermann and offers to make him and Maria heirs to his wealth if Hermann deserts Maria after his release. Neither man tells Maria of their agreement. On release, Hermann emigrates to Canada and sends Maria a red rose each month to remind her he still loves her. Following Oswald's death Hermann returns to Germany and to Maria. When Oswald's will is read by the executor Senkenberg (Hark Bohm) Maria hears about Oswald's agreement with Hermann. Distressed, Maria lights a cigarette and dies when the gas explodes. She had left the gas knob turned on from lighting a previous cigarette.

Production

Writing and Pre-production

The idea for The Marriage of Maria Braun can be traced to the collaboration of Rainer Werner Fassbinder and Alexander Kluge on the unrealized television project The Marriage of our Parents (Die Ehen unserer Eltern), which was developed after the critical success of the omnibus film Germany in Autumn. Fassbinder worked on a draft screenplay together with Klaus-Dieter Lang and Kurt Raab and presented it in the early summer of 1977 to his longtime collaborator Peter Märthesheimer, who at that time was working as a dramaturge at the Bavaria Film Studios. In August 1977 Märthesheimer and his partner Pea Fröhlich, a professor of psychology and pedagogics, were commissioned to write a screenplay based on the draft together.^[2] Although it was Märthesheimer's and Fröhlich's first screenplay their knowledge of Fassbinder's works allowed them to match the screenplay to the characteristic style and structure of Fassbinder's other works.^[3] Fassbinder changed only a few details in the completed screenplay, including some dialogues and the end of the film. Instead of Maria Braun committing suicide in a car accident she dies in a gas explosion, leaving it unclear whether she committed suicide or died accidentally.^[4]

The producer of the film was Fassbinder's longtime collaborator Michael Fengler with his production company Albatros Filmproduktion.^[2] Fengler planned to start shooting the film in the first half of 1978, as Fassbinder's next project Berlin Alexanderplatz was scheduled for June 1978.^[5] As Fassbinder was embroiled in a controversy over his stage play Der Müll, die Stadt und der Tod he was not ready for starting to shoot the film and withdrew to Paris, where he worked on the screenplay for Berlin Alexanderplatz.^[6] Fengler was dreaming of an international star cast for the film. On his suggestion Fassbinder and Fengler visited Romy Schneider and asked her to play the role of Maria Braun. Due to Romy Schneiders alcohol problems, fickleness and demands the role was then given to Hanna Schygulla, her first collaboration with Fassbinder in four years.^[7] Yves Montand also showed interest in the film, but wanted to play Maria's husband Hermann and not - as suggested by Fassbinder and Fengler - the industrialist Oswald. As the role of Hermann was already promised to Klaus Löwitsch Montand was ultimately not offered any role.^[5]

Production

Mohrenstraße 1 in Coburg was one of the locations where The Marriage of Maria Braun was shot.

From its beginnings, the financing of The Marriage of Maria Braun was precarious. Albatros Filmproduktion only contributed 42,500 DM, the public broadcaster Westdeutscher Rundfunk 566,000 DM, the German Film Board 400,000 DM and the distributor guaranted another 150,000 DM. This forced Fengler to find another financing partner, offering Hanns Eckelkamp's Trio-Film a share in the film in December 1977.^[8] Fengler had promised Fassbinder's Tango-Film a share of 50 percent of the film profits, but as Fengler - by offering Trio-Film a share in the film - effectively overselled the rights only 15 percent of the film right ultimately remained with Fassbinder. Fassbinder subsequently referred to Fengler as gangster and it led to litigations against Fengler that continued even after Fassbinder's death.^[9]

Shooting began in January 1978 in Coburg. Bad-tempered and quarrelsome, Fassbinder shot the film during the day and worked on the script to Berlin Alexanderplatz during the night.^[10] In order to sustain his work schedule he consumed large quantities of cocaine, supplied by the production manager Harry Baer and the actor Peter Berling. According to Berling this was the main reason why the film went over the budget, as the cash for the cocaine was coming from Fengler.^[9]

In February 1978 the budget was reaching 1.7 million DM, and two most expensive scenes - the explosions at the beginning and at the end of the film - had not yet been shot. By this time Fassbinder had learned about Fenglers deal with Eckelkamp and the overselling of the film rights. He felt deceived and broke with his longtime collaborator Fengler. He demanded the status of a co-producer for himself and obtained an injunction against Fengler and Eckelkamp. Fassbinder fired most of the film crew, ended the shooting in Coburg at the end of February and the moved to Berlin, where he finished shooting the last scenes.^[8] Consequently the biographer Thomas Elsaesser called the production of the film "one of Fassbinder's least happy experiences" and Berling even "one of the decisive self-destructive episodes in Rainer's life"^[7] The production was also the last collaboration between Fassbinder and the cinematographer Michael Ballhaus, with whom Fassbinder had previously shot eleven films.^[9]

Distribution and Reception

Release

In parallel to the preparations for the production of Berlin Alexanderplatz Fassbinder worked with film editor Juliane Lorenz on the editing and post-production of The Marriage of Maria Braun. The failure of Despair at the Cannes Film Festival in May 1978 spurred Fassbinder to prepare an answer print overnight and to present the film on 22 May 1978 to German film producers in a private screening. Attended by, among others Horst Wendlandt, Sam Waynberg, Karl Spiehs, Günter Rohrbach and the majority shareholder of the Filmverlag der Autoren, Rudolf Augstein the screening was a success.^[11] Eckelkamp invested a further 473,000 DM to pay off the debts of the film production and became the sole owner of the rights to the film.^[12] Owning all film rights, Eckelkamp negotiated a distribution deal with United Artists, thus outmaneuvering the Filmverlag der Autoren, which was usually distributing Fassbinder's films.^[13]

Hoping that The Marriage of Maria Braun might be successful at the 1979 Berlin International Film Festival Eckelkamp started a marketing campaign and decided to release the film theatrically in March 1979. Commissioned by Eckelkamp, the author Gerhard Zwerenz novelized the film. It was published in several weekly installments in the magazine Der Stern from March over a period of three months, thus increasing public interest in the film.^[14] The official premiere of the film was on 20 February 1979 during the 29th Berlin International Film Festival. The West German theatrical release was on 23 March 1979. At the Berlin International Film Festival Hanna Schygulla won the Silver Bear for Best Actress, which did not satisfy Fassbinder who expected to win the Golden Bear.^[15]

Contemporary Reception

German film critics responded very positively to the film and praised the film's combination of artistic values with mass appeal. In the weekly newspaper Die Zeit Hans-Christoph Blumenberg called the film "the most accessible (and thus most commercial) and mature work of the director".^[16] Karena Niehoff wrote in the daily newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung that The Marriage of Maria Braun "is a charming and even amusing film, at the same extraordinarily artful, artificial and full of twists and turns".^[17]

Hanna Schygulla was praised by many film critics. In the Süddeutsche Zeitung on 23 March 1979 Gottfried Knapp wrote that the director gave her a magnificent opportunity to display her acting talent, and that her character, emotions, charm and energy had an enormous effect.^[18] The film and Hanna Schygulla were also praised by foreign film critics. In The New Yorker David Denby called Schygulla "an improbable cross between Dietrich and Harlow".^[19] Schygulla, too, was the runner-up for the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress that year, losing to Sally Field for Norma Rae.

François Truffaut commented in 1980 in the Cahiers du cinéma that with this film Fassbinder "has broken out of the ivory tower of the cinephiles", and that the film is "an original work of epic and poetic qualities" influenced by Godard's Contempt, Brecht, Wedekind and Douglas Sirk. In particular touching is his idea of a man who looks on men and on women with equal fondness.^[17] The French film critic Jean de Baroncelli discussed the allegorical qualities of the film in Le Monde on 19 Januaryy 1980 and wrote that the film presents Maria Braun with a "shining simplicity" as an allegory of Germany, "a character, that wears flashy and expensive clothes, but has lost her soul".^[18]

Commercial Success and Aftermath

The Marriage of Maria Braun was not only a critical, but also a commercial success. From its release until October 1979 more than 400,000 tickets were sold in West Germany, and was shown for up to 20 weeks in some film theaters.^[20] In West Germany alone the film made more than 4 million DM at the box office.^[7] In the same year of its German release the distribution deals for 25 countries were negotiated. In August 1981 the film was the first film by Fassbinder to be shown in East German film theaters.^[20] In the first six weeks of its theatrical release in the United States the film made $1.8 million at the box office.^[19]

The film was not the official German submission to the 51st Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film. Instead Hans W. Geißendörfer's The Glass Cell was chosen to be the official German submission. Almost one year later the film was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 37th Golden Globe Awards, but this success was overshadowed by the success of Volker Schlöndorff's The Tin Drum at the 52nd Academy Awards.^[21] The commercial success of The Marriage of Maria Braun strengthened the negotiation position of Fassbinder in his subsequent film projects. He received a financing agreement for one of his favorite projects based on Pitigrilli's novel Cocaine and was able to increase the budget for Berlin Alexanderplatz. Several German commercial film producers expressed an interest in making films with Fassbinder. The seasoned film producer Luggi Waldleitner would produce the Fassbinder film Lili Marleen with Hanna Schygulla in the main role. Horst Wendlandt would produce the two other films in the BRD Trilogy, Lola and Veronika Voss. His success also allowed him to realize his last project, Querelle which was co-financed by Gaumont.^[22]

As Fengler had oversold the rights to the film. the profit share of Fassbinder was an open question. Eckelkamp saw himself as the sole owner of all rights, but sent a check in the amount of 70,000 DM to Fassbinder in 1982 to appease the director. After Fassbinder's death his mother and heiress Liselotte Eder revived the claims, but was rejected by Eckelkamp. In the course of legal proceedings Eckelkamp was ordered in 1986 to disclose the film's finances to the newly founded Rainer Werner Fassbinder Foundation. Eckelkamp's Trio Film disclosed a budget of almost 2 million DM, additional marketing costs of 1 million DM and a net profit of 1 million DM. When Trio-Film was ordered to pay to Fassbinder's heirs 290,000 DM Eckelkamp refused. At the request of the Rainer Werner Fassbinder Foundation Trio Film had to declare bankruptcy in 1988. In the course of the continuing legal proceedings, the Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf certified in 1990 that Fassbinder was not a co-producer of the film. The ruling was upheld by the Federal Court of Justice, but also ruled that the Fassbinder heirs were entitled to a share of the film's profits.^[23] Today all film rights are owned by the Rainer Werner Fassbinder Foundation.^[24]

Bibliography

• Märthesheimer, Peter; Pea Fröhlich (1997). Michael Töteberg. ed (in German). Die Ehe der Maria Braun: Ein Drehbuch fur Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Belleville Verlag. ISBN 3923646586.  (Screenplay)
• Zwerenz, Gerhard (January 1979) (in German). Die Ehe der Maria Braun. Goldmann Verlag. ISBN 3442038413.  (Novel based on the film)
• Joyce Rheuban, ed (January 1986). The Marriage of Maria Braun: Rainer Werner Fassbinder, director. Rutgers Films in Print. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0813511305. 

References

1. ^ Baer, Harry (1990) (in German). Schlafen kann ich, wenn ich tot bin. Kiepenheuer & Witsch. p. 281. ISBN 3462020552. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Märthesheimer, Peter; Pea Fröhlich (1997). "Eine wunderbare Zeit". In Michael Töteberg (in German). Die Ehe der Maria Braun: Ein Drehbuch fur Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Belleville Verlag. p. 5. ISBN 3923646586. 
3. ^ Töteberg, Michael (June 2002) (in German). Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag. pp. 116–117. 
4. ^ Märthesheimer, Peter; Pea Fröhlich (1997). "Schwarzmarkt der Gefühle". In Michael Töteberg (in German). Die Ehe der Maria Braun: Ein Drehbuch fur Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Belleville Verlag. p. 161. ISBN 3923646586. 
5. ^ ^{a b} Berling, Peter (1972) (in German). Die 13 Jahre des Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Seine Filme, seine Freunde, seine Feinde. Bastei Lübbe. p. 332. ISBN 3785706435. 
6. ^ Baer, Harry (1990) (in German). Schlafen kann ich, wenn ich tot bin. Kiepenheuer & Witsch. pp. 156. ISBN 3462020552. 
7. ^ ^{a b c} Elsaesser, Thomas (June 1996). Fassbinder's Germany: History, Identity, Subject. Amsterdam University Press. p. 97. ISBN 9053560594. 
8. ^ ^{a b} Märthesheimer, Peter; Pea Fröhlich (1997). "Schwarzmarkt der Gefühle". In Michael Töteberg (in German). Die Ehe der Maria Braun: Ein Drehbuch fur Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Belleville Verlag. p. 155. ISBN 3923646586. 
9. ^ ^{a b c} Elsaesser, Thomas (June 1996). Fassbinder's Germany: History, Identity, Subject. Amsterdam University Press. p. 98. ISBN 9053560594. 
10. ^ Berling, Peter (1972) (in German). Die 13 Jahre des Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Seine Filme, seine Freunde, seine Feinde. Bastei Lübbe. pp. 336. ISBN 3785706435. 
11. ^ Berling, Peter (1972) (in German). Die 13 Jahre des Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Seine Filme, seine Freunde, seine Feinde. Bastei Lübbe. p. 350. ISBN 3785706435. 
12. ^ Märthesheimer, Peter; Pea Fröhlich (1997). "Schwarzmarkt der Gefühle". In Michael Töteberg (in German). Die Ehe der Maria Braun: Ein Drehbuch fur Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Belleville Verlag. p. 166. ISBN 3923646586. 
13. ^ Elsaesser, Thomas (June 1996). Fassbinder's Germany: History, Identity, Subject. Amsterdam University Press. p. 20. ISBN 9053560594. 
14. ^ Märthesheimer, Peter; Pea Fröhlich (1997). "Schwarzmarkt der Gefühle". In Michael Töteberg (in German). Die Ehe der Maria Braun: Ein Drehbuch fur Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Belleville Verlag. pp. 163–165. ISBN 3923646586. 
15. ^ Elsaesser, Thomas (June 1996). Fassbinder's Germany: History, Identity, Subject. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 98–99. ISBN 9053560594. 
16. ^ Blumenberg, Hans C. (1979-03-02). "Der Mann, der die Toten liebte" (in German). Die Zeit. http://www.zeit.de/1979/10/Der-Mann-der-die-Toten-liebte. Retrieved 28 April 2010. , "dem zugänglichsten (und damit auch kommerziellsten) und reifsten Werk des Regisseur"
17. ^ ^{a b} Fischer, Robert; Joe Hembus (March 1985) (in German). Der neue deutsche Film 1960–1980. Wilhelm Goldmann Verlag. p. 163. ISBN 3442102111. , "ein richtig charmanter und sogar witziger Kinofilm und zugleich ungemein kunstvoll, künstlich und mit Falltüren noch und noch"
18. ^ ^{a b} Limmer, Wolfgang; Rolf Rietzler (September 1986) (in German). Rainer Werner Fassbinder, Filmemacher. Rowohl Taschenbuch Verlag. p. 209. ISBN 3499330083. 
19. ^ ^{a b} Märthesheimer, Peter; Pea Fröhlich (1997). "Schwarzmarkt der Gefühle". In Michael Töteberg (in German). Die Ehe der Maria Braun: Ein Drehbuch fur Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Belleville Verlag. p. 169. ISBN 3923646586. 
20. ^ ^{a b} Märthesheimer, Peter; Pea Fröhlich (1997). "Schwarzmarkt der Gefühle". In Michael Töteberg (in German). Die Ehe der Maria Braun: Ein Drehbuch fur Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Belleville Verlag. p. 168. ISBN 3923646586. 
21. ^ Haase, Christine (November 2007). When Heimat meets Hollywood: German filmmakers and America, 1985–2005. Studies in German Literature Linguistics and Culture. Camden House. p. 75. ISBN 1571132791. 
22. ^ Elsaesser, Thomas (June 1996). Fassbinder's Germany: History, Identity, Subject. Amsterdam University Press. p. 99–100. ISBN 9053560594. 
23. ^ Märthesheimer, Peter; Pea Fröhlich (1997). "Schwarzmarkt der Gefühle". In Michael Töteberg (in German). Die Ehe der Maria Braun: Ein Drehbuch fur Rainer Werner Fassbinder. Belleville Verlag. p. 174. ISBN 3923646586. 
24. ^ "Rainer Werner Fassbinder Foundation" (in German). Rainer Werner Fassbinder Foundation. October 2008. http://www.fassbinderfoundation.de/node.php/de/berlin. Retrieved 28 April 2010. 

External links

• The Marriage of Maria Braun at the Internet Movie Database
• The Marriage of Maria Braun at Filmportal.de (German)
• The Marriage of Maria Braun at the Fassbinder Foundation (German)