Jim Garrison

Infobox Officeholder
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name = Jim Garrison
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office = District Attorney of Orleans Parish
term_start = 1961
term_end = 1973
predecessor = Richard Dowling
successor = Harry Connick, Sr.
constituency = New Orleans, Louisiana
birth_date = November 20, 1921
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death_date = death date and age|1992|10|21|1921|11|20
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nationality = American
party = Democratic Party (United States)
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alma_mater = law degree from Tulane University in 1949
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website =
footnotes = The Garrison investigation had largely faded into obscurity, until Oliver Stone's film, JFK was released in 1991, which depicted Garrison as a hero

Earling Carothers "Jim" Garrison (November 20, 1921 - October 21, 1992) — who changed his first name to Jim in the early 1960s — was the Democratic District Attorney of Orleans Parish, Louisiana from 1962 to 1973. He is best known for his investigations into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy (JFK).

Garrison remains a controversial figure. Opinions differ as to whether he uncovered a conspiracy behind the John F. Kennedy assassination but was blocked from successful prosecution by a federal government cover up, whether he bungled his chance to uncover a conspiracy, or whether the entire case was an unproductive waste of resources.

Early life and career

Earling Carothers Garrison was born in Denison, Iowa. ["Jim Garrison", "Contemporary Authors Online", Gale, 2003.] ["Jim Garrison", "The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives", Volume 3: 1991-1993. Charles Scribner's Sons, 2001.] ["Jim Garrison", "Newsmakers" 1993, Issue 4. Gale Research, 1993.] His family moved to New Orleans in his childhood, where he was reared by his divorced mother. He served in the U.S. National Guard in World War II, then got a law degree from Tulane University in 1949. He worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for two years and then returned to active duty with the National Guard. After fifteen months, he was relieved from duty. One Army doctor concluded he had a "severe and disabling psychoneurosis" which "interfered with his social and professional adjustment to a marked degree. He is considered totally incapacitated from the standpoint of military duty and moderately incapacitated in civilian adaptability." [Associated Press, "Garrison Record Shows Disability", December 29, 1967. Warren Rogers, "The Persecution of Clay Shaw", "Look", August 26, 1969, page 54.] As it turned out, Garrison was suffering from an anxiety and exhaustion that was perfectly understandable considering the fact that, during World War II, he had flown 35 dangerous reconnaissance missions over France and Germany. He had also witnessed the horrors of totalitarianism first-hand when his unit entered the Dachau concentration camp one day after its liberation. Although one doctor did recommend that Garrison be discharged from service and collect 10% permanent disability, Garrison would not hear of it. Instead he applied for the National Guard where his record was reviewed by the army surgeon general who “found him to be physically qualified for federal recognition in the national army.” [Davy, William. "Let Justice Be Done: New Light on the Jim Garrison Investigation", p. 82. ISBN 0-96697-160-4 ]

District Attorney

Garrison worked for New Orleans law firm Deutsch, Kerrigan & Stiles from 1954 to 1958, when he became an assistant district attorney. Garrison became a flamboyant, colorful, well-known figure in New Orleans, but was initially unsuccessful in his run for public office, losing a 1959 election for criminal court judge. In 1961 he ran for district attorney, winning against incumbent Richard Dowling by 6,000 votes in a five-man Democratic primary. Despite lack of major political backing, his performance in a televised debate and last minute television commercials are credited with his victory.

Once in office, Garrison cracked down on prostitution and the abuses of Bourbon Street bars and strip joints. He indicted Dowling and one of his assistants with criminal malfeasance, but the charges were dismissed for lack of evidence. Garrison did not appeal. Garrison received national attention for a series of vice raids in the French Quarter, staged sometimes on a nightly basis. Newspaper headlines in 1962 praised Garrison's efforts, "Quarter Crime Emergency Declared by Police, DA. — Garrison Back, Vows Vice Drive to Continue — 14 Arrested, 12 more nabbed in Vice Raids." Garrison's critics often point out that many of the arrests made by his office did not result in convictions, implying that he was in the habit of making arrests without evidence. However, assistant DA William Alford has said that charges would more often than not be reduced or dropped if a relative of someone charged gained Garrison’s ear. He had, said Alford, “a heart of gold.” [Mellen, Joan. "A Farewell To Justice: Jim Garrison, JFK’s Assassination, and the Case that Should Have Changed History", p. 11. ISBN 1-57488-973-7]

After a conflict with local criminal judges over his budget, he accused them of racketeering and conspiring against him. The eight judges charged him with misdemeanor criminal defamation, and Garrison was convicted in January 1963. (In 1965 the U.S. Supreme Court overturned the conviction and struck down the state statute as unconstitutional.) At the same time, Garrison indicted Judge Bernard Cocke with criminal malfeasance and, in two trials prosecuted by Garrison himself, Cocke was acquitted.

Garrison charged nine policemen with brutality, but dropped the charges two weeks later. At a press conference he accused the state parole board of accepting bribes, but could obtain no indictments. He accused the state legislature of the same, but held no investigation. He was unanimously censured by the legislature.

In 1965, running for reelection against Judge Malcolm O'Hara, Garrison won with 60 percent of the vote.

Kennedy assassination investigation

New Orleans D.A. Jim Garrison began an investigation into the assassination of President Kennedy in the fall of 1966, after receiving several tips from Jack Martin that a man named David Ferrie may have been involved in the assassination. The end result of Garrison's investigation was the arrest and trial of New Orleans businessman Clay Shaw. Garrison's key witness against Clay Shaw was Perry Russo, a twenty-five year old insurance salesman from Baton Rouge, Louisiana. During the trial, Russo testified that he had attended an "assassination party" at David Ferrie's apartment, where Shaw, Ferrie, and Lee Harvey Oswald had discussed killing President Kennedy.

Russo’s version of events has been questioned by some historians and researchers, such as Patricia Lambert, once it became known that part of his testimony was induced by hypnotism, and by the drug Sodium Pentothal (sometimes called "truth serum").cite web |date=2007 |url = http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/hypnosis.htm|title = Perry Raymond Russo's Hypnosis: Making Testimony More Objective?|format = HTML |publisher = mcadams| accessdate = 2007-12-18 | last= |quote=] Indeed, the early version of Russo's testimony, as told in the DA memo, before he was subjected to Sodium Pentothal and hypnosis, fails to mention an "assassination party" and says that Russo met Clay Shaw on two occasions, neither of which occurred at the "party." [ [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/russo2.txt The Sciambra Memo] ] [ [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/willing.htm Perry Raymond Russo: Way Too Willing Witness] ] However in Jim Garrison's book "On the Trial of the Assassins", he says Russo has already told of the party at David Ferrie's before any "truth serum" was admitted. The jury didn't see enough evidence to convict Shaw. A verdict of not guilty was given.

Aftermath

Garrison was able to subpoena the Zapruder film from "Life" magazine and show it to the public for the first time. Until the trial, the film had rarely been seen, and bootleg copies made by assassination investigators working with Garrison led to the film's wider distribution.

In 1978, the House Select Committee on Assassinations found that Lee Harvey Oswald's stint in the New Orleans Civil Air Patrol fit the timeline of David Ferrie's Civil Air Patrol service. Committee investigators also found six witnesses whose statements led them to believe that Oswald had been present at Civil Air Patrol meetings headed by David Ferrie. [Summers, Anthony. "Not in Your Lifetime", (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998), p. 234. ISBN 1-56924-739-0]

In 1993, the PBS television program "Frontline" obtained a group photograph, taken eight years before the assassination, that showed Oswald and Ferrie at a cookout with other Civil Air Patrol cadets. However, as "Frontline" executive producer Michael Sullivan said, "one should be cautious in ascribing its meaning. The photograph does give much support to the eyewitnesses who say they saw Ferrie and Oswald together in the C.A.P., and it makes Ferrie's denials that he ever knew Oswald less credible. But it does not prove that the two men were with each other in 1963, nor that they were involved in a conspiracy to kill the president." However, Ferrie flat out denied ever knowing Oswald or Shaw, despite several witnesses who claimed to see the three of them in much of 1963. [ [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/oswald/glimpse/ferrie.html PBS "Frontline" "Who Was Lee Harvey Oswald"] , broadcast on PBS stations, November 1993 (various dates).]

HSCA Chief Council G. Robert Blakey wrote, in his book "The Plot to Kill the President", that the Committee "...was inclined to believe that Oswald was in Clinton [Louisiana] in late August, early September 1963, and that he was in the company of David Ferrie, if not Clay Shaw" and that numerous witnesses in Clinton, Louisiana "...established an association of undetermined nature between Ferrie, Shaw and Oswald less than three months before the assassination." In a 1992 interview, Edward Haggerty, who was the judge at the Clay Shaw trail, stated: "I believe he [Shaw] was lying to the jury. Of course, the jury probably believed him. But I think Shaw put a good con job on the jury." [ -- Beyond "JFK": The Question of Conspiracy [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0103801/] dubious

Later career

In 1973, Garrison was tried for accepting bribes to protect illegal pinball machine operations. His own chief investigator testified that Garrison had received approximately $3,000 every two months for nine years from the dealers. Garrison's defense was that the U.S. government sought to destroy him because of his efforts to implicate the CIA in the Kennedy assassination. The jury agreed. In 1973, Garrison was defeated for reelection as district attorney by Harry Connick, Sr.. In 1978, he was elected as a state Circuit Court of Appeals judge and served in this capacity until his death. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1282/is_v38/ai_4328771/pg_7?tag=artBody;col1]

After the Shaw trial, Garrison wrote three books on the Kennedy assassination, "A Heritage of Stone" (1970), "The Star Spangled Contract", and the best-seller, "On The Trail of The Assassins" (1988).

The 1991 Oliver Stone film "JFK" was largely based on Garrison's book "On The Trail of The Assassins" as well as Jim Marrs' "Crossfire: The Plot That Killed Kennedy". Kevin Costner played a fictionalized version of Garrison in the movie. Garrison himself had a small on-screen role in the film as United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Earl Warren.

Garrison appeared as himself in the 1987 film "The Big Easy" starring "Dennis Quaid".

Garrison was also the subject of the song "Keep A Workin' Big Jim" by Johnny Rebel.

Despite being the only district attorney to bring a suspect to trial for conspiring to murder President Kennedy, Garrison was later viewed as an embarrassment by a few conspiracy researchers. [ [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/buffs_on_jim.htm Garrison and JFK Conspiracy Writers] ] However, several researchers have defended Garrison including Jim DiEugenio, William Davy, and Joan Mellen. Fact|date=August 2008

According to a number of critics, Garrison was cruel and mistreated witnesses in his attempt to prove an assassination conspiracy. Witnesses, including Perry Raymond Russo later claimed to have been bribed and threatened with perjury and contempt of court charges by Garrison in order to make his case against Shaw. [ Posner, Gerald "Case Closed", p. 441.] However, in seeming contradiction to this, Perry Russo, in an interview with public radio station reporters Will Robinson and Marilyn Colman, had this to say: "... [NBC News reporter] Walter Sheridan tells me and threatens me that he's gonna take Garrison out and take me with him." [ [http://www.redshift.com/~damason/lhreport/articles/perry.html "The Lighthouse Report", "The Last Testament of Perry Raymond Russo"] , Will Robinson, 10 October 1992.]

The Garrison investigation had largely faded into obscurity, until Oliver Stone's film was released in 1991, which depicted Garrison as a hero.

Further reading

* William Hardy Davis, "Aiming for the Jugular in New Orleans" (Ashley Books, June 1976)
* James DeEugenio, "The Assassinations" (Los Angeles: Feral House, 2003) ISBN 0-922915-82-2
* James DeEugenio "Destiny Betrayed: JFK, Cuba, and the Garrison Case" (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1992) ISBN 1-879823-00-4
* William Davy, "Let Justice Be Done: New Light On The Jim Garrison Investigation" (Jordan Pub, 1999) ISBN 0-9669716-0-4
* Edward Jay Epstein, "Counterplot" (Viking Press, New York: 1969)
* Paris Flamonde, "The Kennedy Conspiracy"
* Paris Flamonde, "The Assassinastion of America" (2007)
* Jim Garrison, "A Heritage of Stone" (Putnam Publishing Group, 1970) ISBN 0-399-10398-8
* Jim Garrison, "On the Trail of the Assassins" (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1988) ISBN 0-446-36277-8
* James Kirkwood, "American Grotesque: An Account of the Clay Shaw-Jim Garrison-Kennedy Assassination Trial in New Orleans"
* Patricia Lambert, "False Witness: The Real Story of Jim Garrison's Investigation and Oliver Stone's Film" JFK. ISBN 0-87131-920-9
* Jim Marrs, "Crossfire: The Plot that Killed Kennedy" (New York: Carroll & Graf, 1989) ISBN 0-88184-648-1
* Joan Mellen, "A Farewell To Justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's Assassination, And The Case That Should Have Changed History" (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc., 2005) ISBN 1-57488-973-7
* "Nomenclature of an Assassination Cabal" AKA "The Torbit Document" republished as "NASA, Nazis & JFK: The Torbitt Document & the Kennedy Assassination", AUP, US, 1996 paperback, ISBN 0-932813-39-9
* Gerald Posner, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK" (New York: Random House Publishers, 1993)
*cite book | author=Oliver Stone | title=JFK: The Book of the Film | year=2000 | month=February | publisher=Applause Books | isbn=1557831270
* Anthony Summers, "Not in Your Lifetime" (New York: Marlowe & Company, 1998) ISBN 1-56924-739-0
* Harold Weisberg, "Oswald in New Orleans: Case for Conspiracy with the C.I.A." (New York: Canyon Books, 1967)
* Christine Wiltz, "The Last Madam" p. 145-150 ISBN 0-571-19954-2

References

External links

* [http://www.prouty.org/opening.html Opening Argument Made by Jim Garrison] - Text of Jim Garrison's Opening Argument at Trial of Clay Shaw
* [http://www.prouty.org/closing.html Garrison's Closing Argument] - Text of Jim Garrison's Closing Argument at Trial of Clay Shaw
* [http://mcadams.posc.mu.edu/garrison.htm New Orleans and the Garrison Investigation] - a skeptical assessment on Kennedy Assassination Site
* [http://www.jfk-online.com/garrison.html JFK Online: The Jim Garrison Investigation]
* [http://www.jfk-online.com/jfk100bigjim.html JFK Online: The JFK 100 - Oliver Stone's portrayal of Jim Garrison] - a detailed study comparing the real Jim Garrison to his fictional counterpart in the film "JFK" played by Kevin Costner
* [http://www.ctka.net/pr700-stone.html Oliver Stone vs. the Historical Establishment]
* [http://www.ctka.net/nbc_cia.html "Shoot Him Down": NBC, the CIA and Jim Garrison]
* [http://www.webcom.com/~lpease/collections/assassinations/jfk/ang-spy.htm CIA Counterintelligence Director James Angleton Spying on a Garrison Witness]
* [http://www.jfk-online.com/jfkaudio.html JFK Online: Jim Garrison audio resources] - mp3s of Garrison speaking
* [http://www.jfklancer.com/Garrison2.html Jim Garrison's "Playboy" interview, October 1967]
* [http://www.posner.com/articles/garrison.htm "Garrison Guilty. Another Case Closed"] by Gerald Posner, "New York Times Magazine", August 6, 1995
* [http://www.kpfa.org/archives/index.php?arch=20740 Joan Mellen speaks about her book, "A Farewell to Justice: Jim Garrison, JFK's Assassination and the Case That Should Have Changed History" at the Ethical Culture Society in New York City, January 24, 2006. ]
* [http://www.prouty.org/garrison.html Jim Garrison at Prouty.org]
* [http://www.webcom.com/~lpease/collections/assassinations/jfk/garrison.htm Garrison's Case for Conspiracy]
* [http://www.acorn.net/jfkplace/09/fp.back_issues/25th_Issue/shaw.html Garrison's Case Finally Coming Together]
* [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=6333088 Jim Garrison's Grave] on Find A Grave