Integral symbol

Integral symbol

The Unicode|∫ symbol is used to denote the integral in mathematics. The notation was introduced by the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz towards the end of the 17th century. The symbol was based on the Unicode|ſ (long s) character, and was chosen because the integral is a limit of sums. See long s for more details on the history of Unicode|ſ.

The Unicode|∫ symbol is U+222B in Unicode, int in LaTeX. In HTML, it is written as ∫ (hexadecimal), ∫ (decimal) and ∫ (named entity).

The original IBM PC code page 437 character set included a couple of characters Unicode|⌠ and Unicode|⌡ (codes 244 and 245, respectively) to build the integral symbol. These were deprecated in subsequent MS-DOS code pages, but they still remain in Unicode (U+2320 and U+2321, respectively) for compatibility.

The Unicode|∫ symbol is very similar to, but not to be confused with, the (IPA|ʃ) symbol (called esh).

Related symbols are Unicode|∬ (double integral, U+222C), Unicode|∭ (triple integral, U+222D), Unicode|∮ (contour integral, U+222E), Unicode|∯ (surface integral, U+222F), and Unicode|∰ (volume integral, U+2230).

References

*cite book | last = Stewart | first = James | title = Single Variable Calculus: Early Transcendentals | accessdate = 2006-06-26 | edition = 5th edition | year = 2003 | publisher = Brooks/Cole | location = Belmont, CA | id = ISBN 0-534-39330-6 | pages = 381 | chapter = Integrals

External links

* http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/222b/index.htm


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