Australian National Airways

Australian National Airways (ANA) was Australia's predominant carrier from the mid-1930s to the early 1950s.

The Holyman Airways Period

On 19 March 1932 Flinders Island Airways began a regular aerial service using the Desoutter Mk.II VH-UEE "Miss Launceston" between Launceston, Tasmania and Flinders Island in Bass Strait, which competed with shipping services offered by William Holyman and Sons Ltd. Due to monopoly arrangements with other Australian shipowners, Holymans (as it was known) was only allowed to carry passengers on internal Tasmanian routes, and resented the intrusion. Brothers Captain Victor Holyman and Ivan Holyman purchased a de Havilland D.H.83 Fox Moth VH-UQM "Miss Currie" which entered service on the same route on 1 October 1932, and soon amalgamated with Flinders Island Airways to form Tasmanian Aerial Services Pty. Ltd. They later purchased a de Havilland D.H.84 Dragon VH-URD "Miss Launceston" that began a regular service between Melbourne, Flinders Island and Launceston in September 1933.

Following the Australian Government's announcement of the Empire Air Mail Scheme late in 1933, Holymans entered into a partnership with the two main shipping companies servicing Tasmania, Huddart Parker and the Union Steamship Company of New Zealand, to form an equal-share partnership in a new Holyman's Airways Pty. Ltd. headed by Ivan Holyman. The new company, with a capital of £90,000, was registered in July 1934, and ordered two de Havilland D.H.86 Express airliners. The first of these, VH-URN "Miss Hobart", began operating across Bass Strait on 28 September 1934, but went missing just three weeks later, on 18 October, and was believed to have crashed off Wilsons Promontory. Captain Victor Holyman's was one of the twelve lives lost.

Undaunted, Holyman's Airways purchased a second-hand D.H.84 (VH-URG "Golden West") and ordered two more D.H.86s, and soon began to expand operations throughout south-eastern Australia. A route from Melbourne to Sydney via Canberra was established in 1935 using D.H.86 VH-UUB "Loila". On the day of a first proving flight between the capitals, 2 October, another D.H.86, VH-URT "Loina", crashed into Bass Strait off Flinders Island killing all on board. The Melbourne-Sydney flights, the first regular daily airmail service between the two centres, got underway on 7 October.

After a non-fatal accident in Bass Strait to the D.H.86 VH-USW "Lepena" on 13 December 1935, Ivan Holyman used his influence with the Australian Government to have an official ban on the importation of US-built commercial aircraft to be lifted, and Holyman's Airways ordered an example of the recently introduced Douglas DC-2. It entered service as VH-USY "Bungana" on 18 May 1936.

Restructure as Australian National Airways

Early in 1936 Ivan Holyman approached the Adelaide Steamship Company, owners of Adelaide Airways, with a view to an amalgamation aiming to become Australia's most powerful airline. Adelaide Airways had recently taken over West Australian Airways and the new combine would thus effectively control airline traffic between Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne and Sydney. With funding from the Orient Steam Navigation Company a new Australian National Airways was registered on 13 May 1936, and began services under its new name on 1 July 1936. It acquired a second DC-2 VH-UXJ "Loongana" that began a twice-weekly service between Melbourne and Perth on 21 December 1936.

Meanwhile efforts to expand operation northwards to Queensland were being thwarted by Airlines of Australia (AoA), its main competitor. Established in 1931 as New England Airways by G.A. Robinson and Keith Virtue of Lismore, it operated services in northern New South Wales and between Sydney and Brisbane, Queensland, expanding further into Queensland by taking over a number of struggling regional airlines during the mid 1930s. It was restructured as AoA in 1934 with funding by an investment group the British Pacific Trust. In 1936 it introduced Stinson Model A airliners in a regular service between Sydney and Brisbane, and later acquired Douglas DC-2s and Douglas DC-3s. After several months of fruitless negotiations with its financiers, ANA managed to gain a controlling interest in AoA in April 1937, although the two airlines retained separate public identities until 1942. Between them the two airlines operated four DC-2s and four DC-3s by the time of the outbreak of World War II, as well as several other aircraft including two Model As, two D.H.84s, two D.H.86s and nine de Havilland D.H.89 Rapides.

When Australia entered World War II in 1939 the Government of Australia requisitioned ANA's four DC-3s, leaving it to battle on with its assortment of lesser aircraft. However, ANA was soon operating a network of services around Australia on behalf of the war effort, and making spectacular profits. It operated a large number of Douglas DC-2s, DC-3s and even at least one rare Douglas DC-5, mostly on the behalf of the American forces in Australia.

Notable Accidents

[
Douglas DC-4 VH-ANA "Amana"]

During the 1940s ANA was plagued by a series of accidents and disasters that resulted in considerable adverse publicity. The most serious of these were:

* 8 February 1940, DC-2 VH-USY crash-landed near Dimboola after engine fire. No loss of life and aircraft repaired.
* 29 May 1942, Dh-89 VH-UXZ "Marika" crashed off Flinders Island Bass Strait apparently after running out of fuel, all four on board drowned.
* 3 December 1943, DC-2 VH-ADQ crash landed near Bendigo after the pilot lost his way on a flight from Sydney to Melbourne - the co pilot was killed but the aircraft was repaired.
* 31 January 1945, Stinson Model A VH-UYY "Tokana" broke up in mid-air due to metal fatigue of a wing joint and crashed near Heathcote, Victoria killing all ten on board.
* 10 March 1946, DC-3 VH-AET crashed shortly after taking off from Hobart for Melbourne killing all 25 on board. Cause never fully explained, but apparently due to pilot disorientation or incapacitation through a medical problem (he was diabetic).
* 2 September 1948, DC-3 VH-ANK "Lutana" crashed into high terrain near Quirindi, NSW, due to navigation equipment errors, killing all 13 on board.
* 4 October 1948, DC-3 VH-ABR "Kanana" crash-landed near NW of Yass NSW after an engine fire, no serious injuries and aircraft rebuilt (still flying in 2008).
* 8 November 1948, DC-3 VH-UZK "Kurana" on Mount Macedon Victoria after an unauthorised change of course by the captain, who was killed along with his co-pilot - miraculously the hostess and nineteen passengers survived.
* 29 December 1948, VH-UZJ "Kyilla" crash-landed near Mangalore, Victoria after the pilot misjudged his altitude while landing and touched the ground at high speed. No serious injuries but aircraft damaged beyond repair.

Many of these accidents were put down to human error (generally on the behalf of the pilots), and a tightening of operational policies seems to have arrested the problem. A final disaster was:

*26 June 1950, DC-4 VH-ANA "Amana" crashed near York, Western Australia killing all 28 on board (a passenger survived the immediate crash but later died of his injuries). The cause was probably the result of fuel starvation as the result of a fuel tank water drainage port not being closed on the tarmac - the aircraft lost power on most engines and the crew had only just managed to stabilise fuel supply by isolating the "offending" cross-flow lines and regain power when they ran out of altitude. [cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19500626-0&lang=en
title=Skymaster Accident Summary|publisher=Flight Safety Foundation|date=21 February 2005|accessdate=2008-09-24] The crash of the company's flagship was a blow to ANA's prestige and contrasted dramatically with its rival TAA's record, which at that stage, was unblemished.

Post War Activities

Ben Chifley's Labor government was determined that post-war aviation would be a state monopoly. Its legislation was stymied, however, by the Airline Operators Secretariat, which argued that the Constitution guaranteed freedom of commerce between states. The High Court agreed.

Although ANA had won, it now faced severe competition in the form of the state-owned airline Trans Australia Airlines. ANA had hitherto enjoyed a near-monopoly on domestic air transport. From the start, TAA was a better run airline. It particularly made better choices of aircraft than ANA. Ivan Holyman stuck to his relationship with Douglas, buying Douglas DC-4s and Douglas DC-6Bs, while TAA opted for Convair 240s and Vickers Viscounts.

By the mid-1950s TAA had driven ANA close to collapse. Holyman had wanted to expand overseas but the government's ownership of Qantas prevented this. He bought shareholdings in Cathay Pacific Airways and Air Ceylon, but ANA aircraft were never seen on international routes. In 1952 the conservative Menzies government declined to close TAA down, instead it provided ANA with finance to upgrade its fleet to compete with TAA. At this point Holyman opted for DC-6Bs while TAA went for the more attractive Viscount.

When Ivan Holyman died in 1957 the shipowners who held all the shares in ANA decided enough was enough. They offered to sell out to the government and let ANA merge with TAA. The government declined, realizing ANA was on the verge of collapse anyway. The shipowners had never had the stomach for the intense competition TAA offered.

Takeover by Ansett Airlines

After initially dismissing his offer, the ANA board began talking with Reginald Ansett, head of the much smaller Ansett Airways. Finally, ANA was sold to Ansett for 3.3 million pounds. The two airlines were merged to form Ansett-ANA on 3 October 1957.

References

* Yule, Dr. Peter, "The Forgotten Giant of Australian Aviation : Australian National Airways", Hyland House, Melbourne 2001.
* Macarthur Job, "Air Crash - The Story of How Australia's Airways Were Made Safe", Volumes I & II, Aerospace Publications, Weston Creek (Canberra), 1991, 1992.