Killifish

Killifish

A killifish is any of various tiny, oviparous (egg-laying) cyprinodontiform fish (including families Aplocheilidae, Cyprinodontidae, Fundulidae, Nothobranchiidae, Profundulidae, Rivulidae and Valenciidae). All in all there are some 1270 different species of killifish, the biggest family being Rivulidae, containing more than 320 species. [ [http://filaman.ifm-geomar.de/Nomenclature/NominalSpeciesList.cfm?Family=Rivulidae List of Nominal Species of Rivulidae (Rivulines)] "FishBase". Ed. Ranier Froese and Daniel Pauly. May 2007 version. N.p.: FishBase, 2007.] Although "killifish" is sometimes used as an English equivalent to Cyprinodontidae, some species belonging to that family have their own common names, such as the pupfish and the mummichog. The name "killifish" is derived from the Dutch word "kilde", meaning "small creek", "puddle". Most killies are small fish, from one to two inches (2.5 to 5 cm), with the largest species growing to just under six inches (15 cm).

Range and habitat

Killifish are found mainly in fresh or brackish waters in the Americas, as far south as Argentina and as far north as southern Ontario. There are also species in southern Europe, in much of Africa as far south as KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, in the Middle East and Asia (as far east as Vietnam), and on several Indian Ocean islands. Killifish are not found in Australia, Antarctica, or northern Europe.

The majority of killifish are found in permanent streams, rivers, and lakes, and live between two and three years. Such killifish are common in the Americas ("Cyprinodon", "Fundulus" and "Rivulus") as well as in Africa and Asia (including "Aphyosemion", "Aplocheilus", "Epiplatys", "Fundulopanchax" and "Lacustricola") and southern Europe ("Aphanius"). Some of these habitats can be rather extreme; the only natural habitat of the Devil's Hole pupfish ("Cyprinodon diabolis") is Devil's Hole: a cavern at least convert|300|ft|m deep, branching out from a small opening at the surface, approximately convert|6|ft|m by convert|18|ft|m wide.

Some specialized forms live in temporary ponds and flood plains, and typically have a much shorter lifespan. Such species, known as "annuals", live no longer than nine months, and are used as models for studies on aging. Examples include the African genus "Nothobranchius" and South American genera ranging from the cold water "Austrolebias" of Argentina and Uruguay to the more tropical "Gnatholebias", "Pterolebias", "Simpsonichthys" and "Terranatos".

Territorial behavior

A small number of species will shoal while most are territorial to varying degrees. Populations can be dense and territories can shift quickly, especially for species of the extreme shallows (a few centimetres of water). Many species exist as passive tribes in small streams where dominant males will defend a territory while allowing females and immature males to pass through the area. In the aquarium, territorial behavior is different for every grouping, and will even vary by individuals. In a large enough aquarium, most species can live in groups as long as there are more than three males.

Diet

Killifish feed primarily on aquatic arthropods such as insect (mosquito) larvae, aquatic crustaceans and worms. It is reported by the killifish collector Rudolf Koubek that areas in Gabon where the streams lack killifish (due to pollution or other causes) are rife with malaria, which is spread by a mosquito. Some species of "Orestias" from Lake Titicaca are planktonic filter feeders. Others, such as "Cynolebias" and "Megalebias" species and "Nothobranchius ocellatus" are predatory and feed mainly on other fish.

Killifish as pets

Many killifish are lavishly coloured; and most species are easy to keep and breed in an aquarium. Specimens can be obtained from specialist societies and associations. Striped panchax (aka. Golden Wonder) are commonly found in pet shops, but caution must be exercised when considering tank mates, since the mouth of the Striped panchax is as wide as the head, and much smaller fish will be eaten.

External links

* Killifish international – [http://www.killifish-international.com Multilingual Killifish-website with a list of breeders]
* killi.net - [http://images.killi.net/ Images of nearly all 700 species]
* [http://www.killiesconnection.org/ Killies Connection]
* [http://www.aka.org American Killifish Association] (AKA)
* [http://www.bka.org.uk British Killifish Association] (BKA)
* [http://www.cka.org/ Canadian Killifish Association] (CKA)
* [http://www.dkg.killi.org Deutsche Killifisch Gemeinschaft]
* [http://www.killifishnederland.nl/ Killifish Nederland] (KFN)
* [http://www.killi.dk/ Scandinavian Killifish Association] (SKS)
* [http://www.elkilliclub.org/indexen.htm El KilliCLUB] (EKC) - internet based, international killifish association
* [http://www.mangrove.org/taylor/ Rare Hermaphroditic Fish Survives in Mangrove Swamps] - D. Scott Taylor, Ph.D - mangrove.org
* [http://www.aik.com/ Italian Killifish Association] - AIK

References

* Costa, Wilson J.E.M. (1998). Phylogeny and Classification of the Cyprinodontiformes (Euteleostei: Atherinomorpha): A Reappraisal. In Malabarba, L. et al. (eds), "Phylogeny and Classification of Neotropical fishes" part 6 (Atherinomorpha), Porto Alegre. 603 p.
* Huber, J. (2004). [http://www.killi-data.org Killi-Data Online]
* Parenti, Lynn R. (1981). A phylogenetic and biogeographical analysis of Cyprinodontiform fishes (Telostei, Alethrinimorpha). "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" 168, article 4.
* [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/11/071106-tree-fish.html Fish Lives in Logs, Breathing Air, for Months at a Time] - Aalok Mehta, National Geographic News.


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  • killifish — ☆ killifish [kil′ē] n. pl. killies [kil′i fish΄ ] n. KILLIFISH or killifishes (see FISH) killifish [killie, killifish (< KILL2 + IE) + FISH] any of a family (Cyprinodontidae, order Atheriniformes) …   English World dictionary

  • Killifish — Kil li*fish , n. (Zo[ o]l.) Any one of several small American cyprinodont fishes of the genus {Fundulus} and allied genera. They live equally well in fresh and brackish water, or even in the sea. They are usually striped or barred with black.… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • killifish — /kil ee fish /, n., pl. (esp. collectively) killifish, (esp. referring to two or more kinds or species) killifishes. 1. any of several small, oviparous cyprinodont fishes, esp. of the genus Fundulus, found in salt, brackish, and fresh waters. 2.… …   Universalium

  • killifish — Minnow Min now, n. [OE. menow, cf. AS. myne; also OE. menuse, OF. menuise small fish; akin to E. minish, minute.] [Written also {minow}.] [1913 Webster] 1. (Zo[ o]l.) A small European fresh water cyprinoid fish ({Phoxinus l[ae]vis}, formerly… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • killifish — noun Etymology: killie killifish (perhaps from 3kill) + fish Date: 1836 1. any of a family (Cyprinodontidae) of numerous small oviparous fishes much used as bait and in mosquito control 2. any of various live bearers (family Poeciliidae) …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • killifish — /ˈkɪlifɪʃ/ (say kileefish) noun (plural killifish or killifishes) any of numerous small fishes of the American family Cyprinodontidae found chiefly in fresh or brackish waters of warm regions. {probably kill + i 1 + fish1} Usage: For variation in …  

  • killifish — noun Any of a number of tiny fish in the Cyprinodontiformes order of ray finned fish …   Wiktionary

  • killifish — kil·li·fish (kilґe fish) a fish of the genus Fundulus …   Medical dictionary

  • killifish — n. small fish (like the minnow) that lives both in fresh and briny water (used as an aquarium fish, as bait and in mosquito control) …   English contemporary dictionary

  • killifish — [ kɪlɪfɪʃ] noun (plural same or killifishes) a small, typically brightly coloured fish of fresh or brackish water, mainly native to America. [Families Cyprinodontidae and Poeciliidae: many species.] Origin C19: appar. from kill and fish1 …   English new terms dictionary

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