Lee Bank

Lee Bank was an inner city area of Birmingham, England. It was part of the Ladywood ward, inside the Middle Ring Road, near to the centre of Birmingham. Together with the Woodview, Benmore, Five Ways and The Sentinels estates, it formed the area Attwood Green.

Nearby is the former site of Matthew Boulton College before it moved to the Eastside, and a new development called Opal One consisting of student housing.

Famous people that have lived on the estate include the former pop duo Hot 'N' Juicy,"HOT STUFF!; They live in a Lee Bank tower block and are now No.3 in the pop charts" - Birmingham Evening Mail, June 5, 1998 [http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-60874004.html] ] who achieved fame when their song, Horny, was remixed by Mousse T..

History

Victorian era to World War II

Historically, the area consisted of Victorian back-to-back slum housing. [" [http://www.gees.bham.ac.uk/research/cpp/membersfiles/phil/leebankabstract.pdf Tower Block Modernism vs. Urban Morphology: An analysis of Lee Bank, Birmingham] " - Phil Jones] Unlike most industrial cities of the time these properties took the form of 3 and 4 storey courtyard based housing (with several families sharing one house). In the early 1930s, the notion of slum clearances had become popular in the country, however, clearing Lee Bank was delayed until after World War II.

During World War II, Lee Bank was also the victim of night bombing raids by the Luftwaffe. Grant Street, for example, was heavily damaged by a raid on November 19, 1940. The raid resulted in the demolition of 80 houses and a further 200 requiring reparations, as well as the death of five people. [ [http://www.search.digital-ladywood.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?theme=711&originator=%2Fengine%2Ftheme%2Fdefault%2Easp&page=3&records=77&direction=1&pointer=3540&text=0&resource=8001 Digital Ladywood: Grant Street, Lee Bank] ]

Post-World War II redevelopment

After World War II, Lee Bank was designated as one of five redevelopment areas, which meant that regeneration of the area was encouraged by Birmingham City Council. It was named the Bath Row Redevelopment Area, and in 1948, the Birmingham Public Works Department produced a painting exhibiting their vision for the site. It consisted of numerous tower blocks in a Swedish-style mixed-use development, bounded by a ring road with fly-overs." [http://www.gees.bham.ac.uk/research/cpp/membersfiles/phil/poland.pdf The city as artwork: the dismemberment of modern Birmingham] " - Phil Jones, 2005] Clearing of the estate did not begin until the 1950s when the Middle Ring Road was being developed. This required the destruction and realignment of Lee Bank Road.

About a quarter of the estate was designed in 1960 as a single unit by the then City Architect A.G. Sheppard Fidler.A.G. Sheppard Fidler, "Lee Bank redevelopment area" - Birmingham House Building Committee minutes, 17 March 1960] These consisted of 6-8 storey, brick built structures, however, when landscape architect Mary Mitchell was appointed to help in the design, 20 storey tower blocks were introduced. ["The Modern City Revisited", Thomas Deckker, 2000, Taylor & Francis (ISBN 0419256407)] The Lee Bank project was approved in stages between 1963 and 1967. It consisted of four 20 storey tower blocks, containing 464 flats, and one 12 storey tower block. [http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/cx/?id=leebank-birmingham Emporis: Lee Bank] ]

The area was constructed in the early to late 1960s into a large council estate with a mixture of housing and high and low rise flats. George Wimpey were commissioned by the council to design and construct the 20-storey tower blocks, as negotiated as part of a contract with A.G. Sheppard Fidler, the city architect for Birmingham. Charlecote Tower was topped out in February 1965, the first of the tower blocks to do so. [" [http://www.gees.bham.ac.uk/research/cpp/membersfiles/phil/biggerbetter.pdf Bigger is Better? Local authority housing and the strange attraction of high-rise, 1945-70] " - Phil Jones, Urban Morphology Research Group, 2002] By this time, A.G. Sheppard Fidler had walked out. Charlecote Tower was completed in 1965 and was followed by Chatsworth Tower and Packwood House in 1966. In 1967, Haddon Tower was completed, and in 1968, Longleat Tower was completed. Packwood House was the only 12 storey tower block on the estate.

The first multi-storey housing blocks to be completed were Avon, Nash and Lansdown House. They were originally not part of the Bath Row development, however, they were incorporated into the estate in later years. They were built in the 1950s, before most of the estate had been cleared and prepared for regeneration . [ [http://www.search.digital-ladywood.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?theme=711&originator=%2Fengine%2Ftheme%2Fdefault%2Easp&page=2&records=77&direction=1&pointer=1606&text=0&resource=7612 Digital Ladywood: Avon House under construction - 1953] ] They are named after the River Avon flowing through Bath, Beau Nash the master of ceremonies in Bath and Lansdown Hill in Bath, respectively. [ [http://www.search.digital-ladywood.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?txtKeywords=Avon+House&lstContext=&lstResourceType=&lstExhibitionType=&chkPurchaseVisible=&txtDateFrom=&txtDateTo=&originator=%2Fengine%2Fsearch%2Fdefault%5Fhndlr%2Easp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=1523&text=0&resource=8416 Digital Ladywood: Avon House] ]

The next group of tower blocks to be built were the Middleway row blocks; Audleigh, Chiswick, Faraday and Hogarth House. These were built in the early 1960s.

Lee Bank Primary School was opened in 1967 by Princess Alexandra of Kent. ["Lee Bank Primary School, official opening by Her Royal Highness Princess Alexandra of Kent", Birmingham, Education Committee, 1967] In later years it was renamed Woodview Primary School. [ [http://www.search.digital-ladywood.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?txtKeywords=Lee+Bank+Primary+school&lstContext=&lstResourceType=&lstExhibitionType=&chkPurchaseVisible=&txtDateFrom=&txtDateTo=&originator=%2Fengine%2Fsearch%2Fdefault%5Fhndlr%2Easp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=1325&text=0&resource=8062 Digital Ladywood: Lee Bank Primary School] ]

The estate was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II. It was also visited by the Queen Mother on an official royal visit. In the visit, she toured the three Y-blocks; Nash, Avon and Lansdown House. [ [http://www.search.digital-ladywood.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?txtKeywords=Queen+Mother&lstContext=&lstResourceType=&lstExhibitionType=&chkPurchaseVisible=&txtDateFrom=&txtDateTo=&originator=%2Fengine%2Fsearch%2Fdefault%5Fhndlr%2Easp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=3435&text=0&resource=8067 Digital Ladywood: From the balcony of Nash House] ] Together with a number of social housing estates near the city centre, it formed the Centre Estates group. [http://www.restate.geog.uu.nl/conference/posterexhibition/UK1.pdf Restate: Influences for transformation of housing estates - Birmingham] ]

Deterioration

Chronic underinvestment from the mid-1980s onwards led to considerable tenant based demonstrations. The area deteriorated following a lack of maintenance. Many homes suffered from damp, and residents only got repairs from the council when they took them to court. However, repairs were still unreliable as new windows were often faulty. [http://www.bcen.net/uploads/briefings/Optima_28_SEPT05.pdf Birmingham Community Empowerment Network: BRIEFING 28 SEPT 05] ]

There were also social problems. Anti-social behaviour was common on the estate, and there were many problems with drugs and crime. The suicide rate was 5 times the average for Birmingham and there were health problems too with half of the children on the estate suffering from asthma.

The area became known as a new slum in the 1990s, which was emphasised by local resident, Steve Austin, who achieved the area significant press attention when he covered a billboard onthe edge of the estate with a poster reading "Welcome to Lee Bank, Birmingham’s Slum Quarter". ["Residents voice anger over "slum quarter" J. Weaver, Birmingham Post, 10 June 1996] Demonstrations were also held on rooftops and outside Birmingham Council House, with the slogans; "Reclaim Lee Bank". [" 'Slum' sit-in at union HQ; Angry tenants protest", Birmingham Evening Mail, April 9, 1998] One of the most widely publicised demonstrations coincided with the Eurovision Song Contest 1998 which was being held in the city. In the demonstration, protesters scaled Birmingham Town Hall to highlight their living conditions. [" TOWN HALL SLUM PROTEST; Estate tenants hang banner", Birmingham Evening Mail, May 9, 1998] [" Lee Bank residents welcome the world", Sunday Mercury, May 10, 1998]

Regeneration

In the late 1990s, officials from Birmingham City Council contacted residents to gather opinions and ideas into how to produce economic and social benefits for the estate in the future. In 1998, 62.1% of residents voted in favour of transferring the estate to an independent, charitable landlord.

In 1999, the 2,800 properties and substantial land holdings were transferred from Birmingham City Council to [http://www.optima.org.uk Optima Community Housing Association] . The housing association also received four other estates and together formed the area of Attwood Green. They produced a master plan with the aim of redeveloping the Attwood Green area and in doing this, Attwood Green was split into five phases, one phase for each estate. Lee Bank was designated phase 1. [ [http://www.optima.org.uk/history.php Optima Community Association: History] ]

Optima began to work with Birmingham City Council to produce the best solution to redeveloping the Lee Bank estate. They decided that the site should be completely cleared to make way for a new housing development. They secured a grant from the Estates Renewal Challenge Fund from the government to proceed with the regeneration project. ["Working Together: A Guide for Planners and Housing Providers", Royal Town Planning Institute, Sarah Carmona, Nick Gallent, Matthew Carmona, 2001, Thomas Telford (ISBN 0727730215)] Crest Nicholson entered a partnership with Optima to develop the new housing for the tenants who lived in the area. ["Developer to turn estate dream into reality", Birmingham Post, May 30, 2001]

The project was named Park Central, and is to include two public parks with low rise housing. The first stage of redevelopment was clearance of the site. Longleat Tower was demolished along with its sister tower, Charlecote Tower, using controlled explosions in 2000 to signal the start the Park Central development. [ [http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=760 Skyscrapernews.com: Longleat Tower] ] Chatsworth Tower was demolished in October 2002 by a controlled explosion [ [http://www.skyscrapernews.com/buildings.php?id=772 Skyscrapernews.com: Chatsworth Tower] ] [" HAVE A BLAST AT BUTLINS!; Seaside for families as tower block blown up", Birmingham Evening Mail, October 25, 2002] and Haddon Tower was demolished on 23 July 2006, the last of the 20 storey tower blocks to be demolished . [ [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/GenerateContent?CONTENT_ITEM_ID=87123&CONTENT_ITEM_TYPE=0&MENU_ID=1452 Birmingham.gov.uk: Demolition of Haddon Tower] ] They were all demolished by Coleman & Company Ltd.

Seven tower blocks in total were refurbished. A row of four overlooking the Middleway called Audleigh, Chiswick, Faraday and Hogarth House were refurbished early in the development. [ [http://www.search.digital-ladywood.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?theme=874&originator=%2Fengine%2Ftheme%2Fdefault%2Easp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=1508&text=0&resource=8057 Digital Ladywood: Construction in Lee Bank] ] A group of three shorter tower blocks known as Avon, Lansdown and Nash House were also refurbished. [ [http://www.search.digital-ladywood.org.uk/engine/resource/default.asp?txtKeywords=Nash+House&lstContext=&lstResourceType=&lstExhibitionType=&chkPurchaseVisible=&txtDateFrom=&txtDateTo=&originator=%2Fengine%2Fsearch%2Fdefault%5Fhndlr%2Easp&page=&records=&direction=&pointer=1504&text=0&resource=8416 Digital Ladywood: Avon House before rendering work] ]

The name Lee Bank is now no longer used for the area. Park Central is currently under construction with many properties already available for purchase/ rent. [ [http://www.parkcentral.co.uk/availability.asp Park Central: Availability] ]

Optima won the 2005 Deputy Prime Minister's [http://www.odpm.gov.uk/index.asp?id=1140516 Award for Sustainable Communities] for its work as a community led housing operator, run by specialists, politicians and residents.

Transport

The area is bounded by the A4540, which forms the Middle Ring Road. The section that runs along the side of Park Central is known as Lee Bank Middleway. Belgrave Junction marks the corner of the estate where the Middle Ring Road meets the A441. The nearest train station is Five Ways railway station.

References