Herbert von Karajan

Herbert von Karajan (April 5 1908–July 16, 1989) was an Austrian orchestra and opera conductor, one of the most renowned 20th-century conductors. His obituary in "The New York Times" described him as "probably the world's best-known conductor and one of the most powerful figures in classical music."cite news | url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE3DD173BF934A25754C0A96F948260 | title=Herbert von Karajan Is Dead; Musical Perfectionist was 81 | pages=p. A1 | work=The New York Times | author=John Rockwell | date=17 July 1989] Karajan conducted the Berlin Philharmonic for thirty-five years. He is the top-selling classical music recording artist of all time, estimated at 200 million records sold. ["The Life and Death of Classical Music" by Norman Lebrecht, p. 137.]

Biography

Genealogy

Herbert von Karajan was the son of an upper-bourgeois Salzburg family. The Karajan family is said to have originally been Aromanian (Vlach) [Binder, David. "Vlachs, A Peaceful Balkan People" in "Mediterranean Quarterly", Volume 15, Number 4, Fall 2004, pp. 115–124.] [ [http://www.c3.hu/scripta/lettre/lettre53/gauss.htm Letter from Karl-Markus Gauss to Austrian Newspaper Der Standard] hu icon] or Greek,, from the region of Macedonia. [ [http://books.google.com/books?id=5jKcs-IcZNIC&pg=PA8&dq=Karajan+Greek-Macedonian&lr=&sig=bNQ1G9LUCGsZqGYlXEd0kEgIqr4 "Herbert Von Karajan: A Life in Music"] by Richard Osborne.] [ [http://books.google.com/books?q=He+is+the+great-grandson+of+Georg+Johann+Karajan-+nis%2C+a+Macedonian+Greek+&btnG=Search+Books "Current Biography Yearbook 1986"] by H.W. Wilson Company.] His great-great-grandfather, Georg Johannes Karajanis, was born in Kozani, a town in the Ottoman province of Rumelia (present West Macedonia in Greece), leaving for Vienna in 1767, and eventually Chemnitz, Saxony. [cite news
url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0DEFD71E3BF931A15755C0A960948260
title = General Music Director of Europe
work = The New York Times
author = John Rockwell
date= 22 June 1986
accessdate = 2007-04-15 ] He and his brother participated in the establishment of Saxony's cloth industry, and both were ennobled for their services by Frederick Augustus III on June 1 1792, thus the prefix "von" to the family name. The Karajanis name became "Karajan". [cite web
url = http://www.karajan.co.uk/family.html
title = Herbert Von Karajan-Karajan Family
publisher = Karajan Family
accessdate = 2007-04-15 ] Herbert's family from the maternal side, through his grandfather who was born in the village of Mojstrana, Duchy of Carinthia (today in Slovenia), had Slovene origins according to a modern genealogical research, thus contrasting with the traditional view which expressed a Serbian or simply a Slavic origin of his mother. [cite web |url=http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/2500 |title=The Shared Slovenian Ancestors of Herbert von Karajan and Hugo Wolf |date=2008-04-04 |accessdate=2008-05-05 |author=Branka Lapajne]

Early years

Karajan was born in Salzburg, Austria as Heribert Ritter von Karajan. [Osborne (1987)] He was a child prodigy in piano. [ [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9044682/Herbert-von-Karajan Encyclopædia Britannica Article for Herbert von Karajan] ] From 1916 to 1926, he studied at the Mozarteum in Salzburg, where he was encouraged to study conducting.

In 1929, he conducted "Salome" at the Festspielhaus in Salzburg, and from 1929 to 1934, Karajan served as first Kapellmeister at the Stadttheater in Ulm. In 1933, Karajan made his conducting debut at the Salzburg Festival with the "Walpurgisnacht Scene" in Max Reinhardt's production of "Faust". The following year, and again in Salzburg, Karajan led the Vienna Philharmonic for the first time, and from 1934 to 1941, Karajan conducted opera and symphony concerts at the Aachen opera house.

In 1935, Karajan's career was given a significant boost when he was appointed Germany's youngest "Generalmusikdirektor" and was a guest conductor in Bucharest, Brussels, Stockholm, Amsterdam, and Paris [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMwVaDDpIAE] [ The woman in the footage is Winifred Wagner , a lifetime friend of Adolf Hitler ] . Moreover, in 1937, Karajan made his debut with the Berlin Philharmonic and the Berlin State Opera with "Fidelio". He enjoyed a major success in the State Opera with "Tristan und Isolde" and in 1938, his performance of the opera was hailed by a Berlin critic as "Das Wunder Karajan" (The Karajan miracle), claiming that his "success with Wagner's demanding work "Tristan und Isolde" sets himself alongside Furtwängler and de Sabata, the greatest opera conductors in Germany at the present time". [Osborne (2000), [http://books.google.com/books?id=5jKcs-IcZNIC&pg=PA114&vq=%22karajan+miracle%22&dq=Herbert+Von+Karajan:+A+Life+in+Music&as_brr=3&sig=DETsgw_wn7CV32mSHkgTvGC86Rs p. 114] ] Receiving a contract with Deutsche Grammophon that same year, Karajan made the first of numerous recordings by conducting the Staatskapelle Berlin in the overture to "Die Zauberflöte". On July 26, 1938, he married his first wife, operetta singer Elmy Holgerloef. They would divorce in 1942.

Adolf Hitler did not appreciate Karajan's performance of Die Meistersinger on June 2, 1939, according to Winifred Wagner, because Karajan, who was conducting without a score, lost his way, the singers halted and the curtain was rung down in confusion. [Below, Nicolaus von: "Als Hitlers Adjutant, 1937-45". Mainz: Hase & Koehler, 1980. ISBN: 3775809988, p. 166 (german);

Below, Nicolaus von: "At Hitler’s side: the memoirs of Hitler’s Luftwaffe adjutant 1937-1945": translated by Geoffrey Brooks. London: Greenhill Books ; Mechanicsburg, Pa. : Stackpole Books, 2001. ISBN: 1853674680. p. ?] According to Winifred Wagner, Hitler decided that Karajan was not ever to conduct at the annual Bayreuth festival.Fact|date=April 2008 However, as a favourite of Hermann Göring he would continue his work as conductor of the Staatskapelle (1941-1945), the orchestra of the Berlin State Opera, where he would accompany about 150 opera performances in total.

On October 22, 1942, at the height of the war, Karajan married his second wife, Anna Maria "Anita" Sauest, née Gütermann, the daughter of a well-known sewing machine magnate, and who, having a Jewish grandfather, was considered "Vierteljüdin" (one-quarter Jewish). By 1944, Karajan was, by his own account,Fact|date=March 2008 losing favor with the Nazi leaders, but he still conducted concerts in wartime Berlin on February 18, 1945, and fled Germany with Anita for Milan a short time later. [ Osborne (2000)] Karajan and Anita divorced in 1958.

Karajan was discharged by the Austrian denazification examining board on March 18, 1946, and resumed his conducting career shortly thereafter. [ Osborne (2000); Karajan's deposition is presented in whole as Appendix C.]

Postwar years

In 1946, Karajan gave his first post-war concert, in Vienna with the Vienna Philharmonic, but he was banned from further conducting activities by the Soviet occupation authorities because of his Nazi party membership. That summer, he participated anonymously in the Salzburg Festival. The following year, he was allowed to resume conducting.

In 1949, Karajan became artistic director of the Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Vienna. He also conducted at La Scala in Milan. However, his most prominent activity at this time was recording with the newly-formed Philharmonia Orchestra in London, helping to build them into one of the world's finest. Starting from this year, Karajan began lifetime long attendance of the Lucerne Festival [ [http://e.lucernefestival.ch/page/content/index.asp?MenuID=3122&ID=3510&Menu=13&Item=16 Lucerne Festival homepage, Karajan Celebration 2008] ] .

In 1951 and 1952, he conducted again at the Bayreuth Festspielhaus.

In 1955, he was appointed music director for life of the Berlin Philharmonic as successor to Wilhelm Furtwängler. From 1957 to 1964, he was artistic director of the Vienna State Opera.He was closely involved with the Vienna Philharmonic and the Salzburg Festival, where he initiated the Easter Festival, which would remain tied to the Berlin Philharmonic's Music Director after his tenure.

On October 22, 1958, he married, as his third wife, model Eliette Mouret. They became parents of two daughters, Isabel and Arabel.

He continued to perform, conduct and record prolifically until his death in Anif in 1989, mainly with the Vienna Philharmonic and the Berlin Philharmonic.

Karajan and the compact disc

Karajan played an important role in the development of the original compact disc digital audio format. He championed this new consumer playback technology, lent his prestige to it, and appeared at the first press conference announcing the format. The maximum playing time of CD prototypes was sixty minutes, but the final specification enlarged the disc size and extended the capacity to seventy-four minutes. There is a story that this was due to Karajan's insistence that the format have sufficient capacity to contain Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on a single disc. Snopes says the truth of the story is undetermined [cite web|title=Roll Over, Beethoven|url=http://www.snopes.com/music/media/cdlength.asp|accessdate=2008-04-30|date=2007-05-23|publisher=snopes.com] . Kees Schouhamer Immink, a Philips research engineer and fellow of the Audio Engineering Society, denies the Beethoven connection. [cite web
url=http://www.exp-math.uni-essen.de/~immink/pdf/cdstory.htm
title=The CD Story
author=Kees A. Schouhamer Immink
work=Journal of the AES, vol. 46, pp. 458-465, 1998
date=1998
accessdate=2008-06-19] [cite journal
quotes =There were all sorts of stories about it having something to do with the length of Beethoven's 9th Symphony and so on, but you should not believe them.
author =Kees A. Schouhamer Immink
date =
year =1998
month =
title =The Compact Disc Story
journal =Journal of the Audio Eng. Soc.
volume = 46
issue =5
pages =458–465 esp. 460
publisher =
location =
issn =
doi =
bibcode =
oclc =
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url =http://www.exp-math.uni-essen.de/~immink/pdf/cdstoryoriginal.pdf
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Nazi membership

Karajan joined the Nazi Party in Salzburg on 8 April, 1933; his membership number was 1.607.525. In June the Nazi Party was outlawed by the Austrian government. However, Karajan's membership was valid until 1939. In this year the former Austrian members were verified by the general office of the Nazi Party. Karajan's membership was declared invalid, but his accession to the party was retroactively determined to have been on 1 May, 1933 in Ulm, with membership number 3,430,914. [ Fred K. Prieberg: "Handbuch Deutsche Musiker 1933–1945" Kiel, 2004, CD-ROM-Lexicon, p. 3545f. The author inspected the files of Karajan (as part of the Reichskulturkammer) at the Bundesarchiv in Berlin (former Berlin Document Center). This background story was first published by Paul Moor in: "High Fidelity" Vol. 7/10 October 1957, p. 52-55, 190, 192-194 ("The Operator"). In addition, Prieberg's opinion about the Karajan biographer Richard Osborne has been stated: “his knowledge of history is sadly very low“ (p. 3575)] [ Karsten Kammholz (not quite with the accuracy of Prieberg: [http://www.welt.de/vermischtes/article1595506/Der_Mann_der_zweimal_in_die_NSDAP_eintrat.html "Der Mann, der zweimal in die NSDAP eintrat"] ; in: Die Welt, January 26, 2008]

Karajan's membership in the Nazi Party and increasingly prominent career in Germany from 1933 to 1945 cast him in an uncomplimentary light after the war. While Karajan's defendersWho|date=April 2008 have argued that he joined the Nazis only to advance his own career, his criticsWho|date=April 2008 have pointed out that other prominent conductors, such as Bruno Walter, Erich Kleiber and Arturo Toscanini, fled from fascist Europe at the time. However, British music critic Richard Osborne argues that among the many well-known conductors who worked in Germany throughout the war years—a list that includes Wilhelm Furtwängler, Ernest Ansermet, Carl Schuricht, Karl Böhm, Hans Knappertsbusch, Clemens Krauss and Karl Elmendorff—Karajan was in fact one of the youngest and least advanced in his career.Osborne (2000), p. 85]

SomeWho|date=April 2008 have argued that careerism could not have been Karajan's sole motivation, since he first joined the Nazi Party in 1933 in Salzburg, Austria, five years before the Anschluss. In "The Cultural Cold War", published in Britain as "Who Paid the Piper?", Frances Stonor Saunders noted that Karajan "had been a party member since 1933, and opened his concerts with the Nazi favourite 'Horst Wessel Lied.'" In addition, although he did open a Paris concert with the Horst Wessel Lied, he had a history of avoiding political or nationalistic gestures at performances wherever possible.Fact|date=April 2008

Jews such as Isaac Stern, Arthur Rubinstein, and Itzhak Perlman refused to play in concerts with Karajan because of his Nazi past. Richard Tucker also pulled out from a 1956 recording of "Il trovatore" when he learned that Karajan would be conducting. Somewho have questioned whether Karajan was committed to the Nazi cause given his marriage in 1942 to Anita Gütermann, who was partly of Jewish origin. Evidence suggestsFact|date=April 2008 that he received several threats to his career as a result of the engagement, and had attempted to resign from the Nazi Party when questioned about it.

Commentators such as Osborne and the British journalist Mark Lawson [ [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/archivehour/pip/fb9e9/ BBC Radio 4 broadcast] ] have suggested that music, and access to making music, over-rode everything for Karajan, and that may have led to him making amoral decisions such as Nazi membership in order to get what he wanted with regard to music. Lawson in particular has suggested that the lack of conclusive evidence about Karajan's personal political ideology, and apparently contradictory episodes in his life (such as his marriage), at least suggests that his membership was more a means to an end than the expression of an ideological standpoint.

Musicianship

There is widespread agreement that Herbert von Karajan had a special gift for extracting beautiful sounds from an orchestra. Opinion varies concerning the greater aesthetic ends to which "The Karajan Sound" was applied. The American critic Harvey Sachs criticized the Karajan approach as follows:

Karajan seemed to have opted instead for an all-purpose, highly refined, lacquered, calculatedly voluptuous sound that could be applied, with the stylistic modifications he deemed appropriate, to Bach and Puccini, Mozart and Mahler, Beethoven and Wagner, Schumann and Stravinsky... many of his performances had a prefabricated, artificial quality that those of Toscanini, Furtwängler, and others never had... most of Karajan's records are exaggeratedly polished, a sort of sonic counterpart to the films and photographs of Leni Riefenstahl. Fact|date=September 2007

However, it has been argued by commentator Jim Svejda and others that Karajan's pre-1970 manner did not sound polished as it is later alleged to have become.Fact|date=September 2007

Two reviews from the "Penguin Guide to Compact Discs" can be quoted to illustrate the point.

*Concerning a recording of Wagner's "Tristan und Isolde", a canonical Romantic work, the Penguin authors wrote "Karajan's is a sensual performance of Wagner's masterpiece, caressingly beautiful and with superbly refined playing from the Berlin Philharmonic" and it is listed in first place on pages 1586-7 of the 1999 "Penguin Guide to Compact Discs"; 2005, p1477.

*About Karajan's recording of Haydn's "Paris" symphonies, the same authors wrote, "big-band Haydn with a vengeance ... It goes without saying that the quality of the orchestral playing is superb. However, these are heavy-handed accounts, closer to Imperial Berlin than to Paris ... the Minuets are very slow indeed ... These performances are too charmless and wanting in grace to be whole-heartedly recommended."Fact|date=September 2007 [ [these recordings are no longer mentioned in the 1999 edition of the Penguin Guide to Compact Discs.] ]

The "same" Penguin Guide does nevertheless give the highest compliments to Karajan's recordings of the selfsame Haydn's two oratorios, "The Creation" and "The Seasons". [ [The Creation is listed first on pp. 656-7 of the 1999 Penguin Guide to Compact Discs, and the comment reads: "Among Versions of The Creation sung in German, Karajan's 1969 set remains unsurpassed, and now reissued as one of DG's 'Originals' at mid-price, is a clear first choice despite two small cuts..."] [The Seasons is, by 1999, listed in the Penguin Guide to Compact Discs in third place on p. 661, and the text states "Karajan's 1973 recording of The Seasons offers a fine, polished performance which is often very dramatic too. The characterizations is strong ... the remastered sound is drier than the original but is vividly wide. etc. etc. ..."] ]

Regarding twentieth century music, Karajan had a strong preference for conducting and recording pre-1945 works (Mahler, Schoenberg, Berg, Webern, Bartók, Sibelius, Richard Strauss, Puccini, Ildebrando Pizzetti, Arthur Honegger, Prokofiev, Debussy, Ravel, Paul Hindemith, Carl Nielsen and Stravinsky), but also did record Shostakovich's "Symphony No. 10" (1953) twice, and did premiere Carl Orff's "De Temporum Fine Comoedia" in 1973.

Professional behavior

Some critics, particularly British critic Norman Lebrecht, charged Karajan with initiating a devastating inflationary spiral in performance fees. During his tenure as director of publicly-funded performing organizations such as the Vienna Philharmonic, the Berlin Philharmonic, and the Salzburg Festival, he started paying guest stars exorbitantly, as well as ratcheting up his own remuneration:

:Once he possessed orchestras he could have them produce discs, taking the vulture's share of royalties for himself and rerecording favorite pieces for every new technology: digital LPs, CD, videotape, laserdisc. In addition to making it difficult for other conductors to record with his orchestras, von Karajan also drove up the prices that he would be paid and thus other conductors wanted. [cite web
url = http://www.raintaxi.com/online/2001fall/lebrecht.shtml
title = Review of: Who killed Classical Music, by Norman Lebrecht
publisher = Rain Taxi
author = Richard Kostelanetz
accessdate = 2007-04-15 ] During a recording session of the Beethoven Triple Concerto with David Oistrakh, Sviatoslav Richter and Mstislav Rostropovich, pianist Richter demanded an extra take, to which Karajan replied "No, no, we haven't got time, we've still got to do the photographs." [Monsaingeon, p. 143.] This did not prevent violinist Oistrakh from saying, when Karajan turned 65, that he was "the greatest living conductor, a master in every style."Fact|date=October 2007

Awards

Karajan was the recipient of many honours and awards. On 21st June 1978, he received the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Music from Oxford University. [ [http://www.karajan.co.uk/britishvisits.html Herbert Von Karajan - Visits to Great Britain ] ] He was honored by the “Médaille de Vermeil” in Paris, the Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society in London, the Olympia Award of the Onassis Foundation in Athens and the UNESCO International Music Prize. He received two Gramophone awards for recordings of Mahler’s Ninth Symphony and the complete Parsifal recordings in 1981. In 2002, the Herbert von Karajan Music Prize was founded in his honour; in 2003 Anne-Sophie Mutter who had made her debut with Karajan in 1977, became the first recipient of this award. [ [http://www.gramophone.co.uk/newsMainTemplate.asp?storyID=1790&newssectionID=1 Gramophone - News - The world's best classical music magazine ] ]

In popular culture

* Herbert von Karajan was recently selected as a main motif for a high value collectors' coin: the 100th Birthday of Herbert von Karajan commemorative coin. The nine-sided silver coin, in the reverse, shows Karajan in one of his typically dynamic poses while conducting. In the background is the score of Beethoven’s Ninth.

* Karajan's recording of Johann Strauss "An der schönen, blauen Donau" (The Blue Danube waltz) was used by director Stanley Kubrick in his science-fiction film "" (with Kubrick animating the sequence to match the prerecorded music, the opposite of the usual practice for soundtracks). The popular effect of this unconventional use of the music was such that the music became more identified for subsequent generations with space stations, primitive men, alien artifacts and such, than with the original waltz. Some years later, Kubrick again used Karajan's recordings, this time Béla Bartók's "Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta" in "The Shining". Although there is a 1958 version by Ferenc Fricsay of the second movement of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony in Stanley Kubrick's 1971 film "A Clockwork Orange", the symphony's finale we hear at the end of the movie is Karajan's now-famous 1963 recording. These two versions are from DG and performed by the same orchestra, The Berlin Philharmonic.

Discography

A [http://karajan.org/jart/prj3/karajan/main.jart?reserve-mode=active&rel=en complete discography] of Karajan's recordings is available at the website of the Herbert von Karajan Centrum.

Quotes

*Explaining why he preferred conducting the Berlin Philharmonic to the Vienna Philharmonic: "If I tell the Berliners to step forward, they do it. If I tell the Viennese to step forward, they do it. But then they ask why." [Brian Moynahan, 'Funeral in Berlin', "The Sunday Times", January 30 1983, quoted in Norman Lebrecht, "The Book of Musical Anecdotes".]
*"Those who have achieved all their aims probably set them too low" http://www.karajan.org
*Isaiah Berlin referred to Karajan as "a genius, with a whiff of sulphur about him".

ee also

*Berlin State Opera
*Raffaello de Banfield

Notes

References

*cite book | last=Lebrecht | first=Norman | title=The Maestro Myth: Great Conductors in Pursuit of Power | location=New York | publisher=Citadel Press | year=2001 | isbn= 0806520884
*cite book | last=Lebrecht | first=Norman | title=The Life and Death of Classical Music| location=New York | publisher=Anchor Books, | year=2007 | isbn=9781400096589
*cite book | last=Layton | first=Robert | coauthors=Greenfield, Edward; March, Ivan| title=Penguin Guide to Compact Discs | location=London; New York | publisher=Penguin Books | year=1996 | isbn=0140513671
*cite book | last=Monsaingeon | first=Bruno | title=Sviatoslav Richter: Notebooks and Conversations | year=2001 | publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=0571205534
*cite book | last=Osborne | first=Richard | title=Herbert von Karajan | location=London | publisher=Chatto & Windus | year=1998 | isbn=0701167149
*cite book | last=Osborne | first=Richard | title=Herbert von Karajan: A Life in Music | location=Boston | publisher=Northeastern University Press | year=2000 | isbn=1555534252
*cite book | last=Raymond | first=Holden | title=The Virtuoso Conductors | location=New Haven, CT; London | publisher=Yale University Press | year=2005 | isbn=0300093268
*cite book | last=Alessandro | first=Zignani | title=Herbert von Karajan. Il Musico perpetuo| location=Varese | publisher=Zecchini Editore, | year=2008 | isbn=8887203679

External links

* [http://www.karajan.org/jart/prj3/karajan/main.jart?reserve-mode=active&rel=en Official Herbert von Karajan website, Vienna]
* [http://www.overgrownpath.com/2008/09/karajan-on-boulez-stockhausen-and.html 1963 Stereo Review interview]
* [http://www.karajan.co.uk/index.html Tribute site to Herbert von Karajan]
* [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE3DD173BF934A25754C0A96F948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=1 Obituary by the New York Times]
* [http://pages.sbcglobal.net/jameswierzbicki/conductors.htm#3 An obituary essay by James Wierzbicki]
* [http://www.gramophone.co.uk/mainforum.asp?messageSectionID=32&threadID=11175&type=chrono A range of opinions from readers of "Gramophone" magazine]

Video

* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yvJqiURF0hc Karajan conducting Beethoven's Symphony No. 1 in C Major, Op. 21]
* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZTNoYugUWQ Karajan conducting Beethoven's Symphony No. 2]
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=FFltqVS8d9I Karajan conducting Beethoven's Symphony No. 3 'Eroica' - Part 1]
* [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-2219310962212012112 Karajan conducting Beethoven's 5th Symphony, rare old 1966 video]
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=O2AEaQJuKDY Karajan Conducting Beethoven's 9th Symphony (P1)]
* [http://youtube.com/watch?v=cSEqQsAXbJw Karajan Conducting Beethoven's 9th Symphony (P2)]
* [http://video.google.ca/videoplay?docid=-4607055215650956047&q=verdi+dies+irae+requiem%2C&ei=P3ZbSKGPIY7CqAPj4-yKDg&hl=en Karajan Cundcting Verdi's Requiem: Dies Irae ]

Persondata
NAME= Karajan, Herbert von
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=Karajan, Heribert Ritter von
SHORT DESCRIPTION=Austrian orchestra and opera conductor
DATE OF BIRTH=April 5 1908
PLACE OF BIRTH=Salzburg, Austria
DATE OF DEATH=July 16, 1989
PLACE OF DEATH=Anif, Austria