Charlestown, Massachusetts

Infobox Settlement
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motto = Liberty A Trust To Be Transmitted To Posterity


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subdivision_name = United States
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subdivision_name1 = Massachusetts
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established_title = Settled
established_date = 1628
established_title2 = Incorporated
established_date2 = 1847
established_title3 = Annexed by Boston
established_date3 = 1873
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timezone = Eastern
utc_offset = -5
timezone_DST = Eastern
utc_offset_DST = -4
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area_code = 617
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Charlestown is a part of the city of Boston, Massachusetts located on a peninsula north of Boston proper. Charlestown was originally a separate town and the first capital of the Massachusetts Bay Colony; it became a city in 1847 and was annexed by Boston on January 5, 1874. While it has had a substantial Irish American population since the migration of Irish during the Irish famine of the 1840s, since the late 1980s the neighborhood has changed dramatically because of its close proximity to downtown, and its colonial architecture.

Geography

Charlestown is located north of Boston proper on a peninsula extending southeastward between the Charles River and the Mystic River. The geographic extent of the neighborhood has changed dramatically from its colonial ancestor. Landfill operations have expanded much of Boston, lowering hills, and have expanded Charlestown, eliminating the narrow "Charlestown Neck" that connected the northwest end of the "Charlestown Peninsula" to the mainland. The original territory also included present-day Somerville, which was incorporated as a separate town in 1842. At the time, Charlestown proper was urbanizing, while Somerville was still largely rural.

History

Originally a Puritan English city during the Colonial era (a time to which many of the neighborhood's structures date), Charlestown was founded in 1628, and settled July 4, 1629, by Thomas Graves, Increase Nowell, Rev. Francis Bright, Ralph, Richard and William Sprague and about 100 others who preceded the Great Migration. John Winthrop's company stopped here for some time in 1630, before deciding to settle across the Charles River at Boston.

The territory of Charlestown originally included what is now Stoneham (until 1725), Somerville (until 1842), Medford, Malden, Everett, Woburn, Burlington, and parts of Arlington and Cambridge. [History of the Town of Medford, p. 2 [http://books.google.com/books?id=in-5Ueuwn0wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:History+intitle:of+intitle:Medford+intitle:Massachusetts&lr=&num=50&as_brr=0#PPA2,M1] ]

On June 17, 1775 the Charlestown Peninsula was the site of the Battle of Bunker Hill. In fact, the battle actually took place on Breed's Hill, which overlooked the harbor and the town and was only about 400 yards from the southern end of the peninsula; Bunker Hill was near the northwest end of the peninsula, close to Charlestown Neck and about a mile from the Charles River. The town, including its wharves and dockyards, was destroyed by fire during the battle. Around the 1860s an influx of Irish immigrants arrived in Charlestown. The neighborhood remained an Irish stronghold in the cultural, economic, and Catholic traditions of neighborhoods like South Boston, Somerville, and Dorchester. On October 7, 1873, a vote was held to determine whether Charlestown should join Boston; Boston residents approved the question, 5960-1868, and Charlestown residents also approved, 2240-1947. ["The Result in Figures", "The Boston Globe", p. 5, October 8, 1873.]

During the early 1960s, The Boston Redevelopment Authority(BRA) initiated plans to demolish and redevelop sixty percent of the housing in Charlestown. [Jones, Michael, "The Slaughter of Cities: Urban Renewal and Ethnic Cleansing" p529, St. Augustine's Press, South end Indiana, 2004. ISBN 1587317753] In 1963, the BRA held a town meeting to discuss their plans with the community. The BRA's dealings with Boston's West End had created an atmosphere of distrust towards urban renewal in Boston, and Charlestown residents opposed the plan by an overwhelming majority. By 1965, the plan had been reduced to tearing down only eleven percent of the neighborhood, including the removal of the elevated rail tracks.

Throughout the 1960s until the middle 1990s, Charlestown was infamous for its Irish Mob presence. Charlestown's McLaughlin Brothers were involved in a gang war with neighboring Somerville's Winter Hill Gang, during the Irish Mob Wars of the 1960s. In the late 1980s, however, Charlestown underwent a massive gentrification process similar to that of the South End. Drawn to its proximity to downtown and its colonial, red-brick, row-house housing stock, similar to that of Beacon Hill, many upper-middle class professionals moved to the neighborhood. In the late 1990s, additional gentrification took place, similar to that in neighboring Somerville.Fact|date=June 2008 Today the neighborhood is a mix of upper-middle and middle-class residences, housing projects, and a large working class Irish-American demographic and culture that is still predominant.

Places of interest

Charlestown contains several places of historical interest, many of which are marked by the northern end of Boston's Freedom Trail. The Freedom Trail ends at the Bunker Hill Monument commemorating the famous Battle of Bunker Hill. The USS "Constitution", the oldest commissioned vessel in the US Navy, is docked in the Charlestown Navy Yard. Charlestown was also the location from which Paul Revere began his famous "midnight ride" before the Battles of Lexington and Concord. A local restaurant, opened in 1780 and still in operation, The Warren Tavern, claims to have been one of Revere's favorite taverns. Of Charlestown's churches, St. Mary's (1887-1893) is considered one of the masterpieces of Patrick Keely.

Notable residents

Charlestown was the birthplace of inventor Samuel F. B. Morse, and the burial location of John Harvard, for whom Harvard University was named. Other notable residents include:
*Charles R. Adams, (1834-1900), Charlestown native, noted opera singer.cite book | title = Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607-1896 | publisher = Marquis Who's Who | location = Chicago | date = 1963]
*Charles B. Atwood, (1849-1895), born in Charlestown, noted architect who designed the Reliance Building, among others
*William Austin, (1778-1841), born in Charlestown, state legislator and author
*Albert Gallatin Blanchard, (1810-1891), born in Charlestown, Confederate general in the American Civil War
*Howie Long, NFL-decorated Hall of Fame lineman for the Oakland Raiders.
* Jack O'Callahan, member of 1980 "Miracle on Ice" hockey team that won the gold medal over Finland.
*Robert Sedgwick, (c. 1611-1656), settled in 1635, successful merchant, first Major General of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and later appointed the first Governor General of Jamaica in 1655.cite book | title = A Sedgwick Genealogy, Descendants of Deacon Benjamin Sedgwick | publisher = New Haven Colony Historical Society | location = New Haven | date = 1961]
* Daniel C. Stillson [http://www.bochynski.com/stillson] , Inventor of the Stillson pipe wrench, (1830-1899)

References

External links

* [http://www.charlestownonline.net/ The community's web site]
* [http://swiss.csail.mit.edu/~rauch/charlestown History in pictures and maps]