- Mid front unrounded vowel
-
Mid front unrounded vowel e̞ IPA number 302 430 Encoding Entity (decimal) e̞Unicode (hex) U+0065 U+031E X-SAMPA e_o
The mid front unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. While there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid front unrounded vowel between close-mid [e] and open-mid [ɛ] (since no language is known to distinguish all three), some linguistics (especially Sinologists) use [E] in IPA transcriptions for this vowel. Otherwise diacritics are used (i.e. [e̞] or [ɛ̝], the former being more common).
Many languages, such as Spanish, Japanese, Korean, Greek and Turkish, have a mid front unrounded vowel that is phonetically distinct from both the close-mid and open-mid vowels. A number of dialects of English also have such a mid front vowel.
Although many languages have only one non-close, non-open front vowel, there is no predisposition for it being mid. Igbo, for example, has a close-mid [e], whereas Bulgarian has an open-mid [ɛ], even though these languages do not contrast said vowels with another mid front vowel.
Contents
Features
IPA vowel chart Front Near-front Central Near-back Back Close Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded This table contains phonetic symbols. They may not display correctly in some browsers (Help).
IPA help • IPA key • chart •
chart with audio • view- Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close-mid vowel and an open-mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- Its vowel roundedness is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
Language Word IPA Meaning Notes Catalan Northern Catalan sec [ˈse̞k] 'dry' /ɛ/ and /e/ merge into [e̞] in these dialects. See Catalan phonology Alguerese English Yorkshire[1] play [ple̞ː] 'play' See English phonology Finnish[2] menen [me̞ne̞n] 'I (will) go' See Finnish phonology Greek φαινόμενο/fainómeno [fe̞ˈnome̞no] 'phenomenon' See Modern Greek phonology Hebrew[3] חלק [ˈχe̞le̞k] 'part' Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology Hungarian[4] hét [he̞ːt] 'seven' See Hungarian phonology Japanese[5] 笑み [é̞mì] (help·info)'smile' See Japanese phonology Korean[6] 베개 [pe̞ˈɡɛ] 'pillow' See Korean phonology Romanian fete [ˈfe̞te̞] 'girls' See Romanian phonology Russian[7] человек [t͡ɕɪlɐˈvʲe̞k] 'person' Occurs only after soft consonants. See Russian phonology Serbo-Croatian[8] жена/žena [ʒe̞na] 'woman' See Serbo-Croatian phonology Spanish[9] bebé [be̞ˈβ̞e̞] 'baby' See Spanish phonology Swedish häll [he̞l] 'flat rock' Many dialects pronounce words with short ⟨e⟩ and ⟨ä⟩ the same. See Swedish phonology Tagalog daliri [dɐˈliɾe̞] 'finger' See Tagalog phonology Turkish[10] ev [e̞v] 'house' See Turkish phonology References
- ^ Roca & Johnson (1999:179)
- ^ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:60, 66)
- ^ Laufer (1999:98)
- ^ Szende (1994:92)
- ^ Okada (1999:94)
- ^ Lee (1999:121)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:41)
- ^ Landau et al. (1999:67)
- ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003:256)
- ^ Zimmer & Orgun (1999:155)
Bibliography
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X
- Jones, Daniel; Dennis, Ward (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, pp. 96–99
- Lee, Hyun Bok (1999), "Korean", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
- Okada, Hideo (1991). "Japanese". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 21 (2): 94–96. doi:10.1017/S002510030000445X.
- Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999), A Course in Phonology, Blackwell Publishing
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA:Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Alphabet 24 (2): 91–94
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
International Phonetic Alphabet IPA topics IPA International Phonetic Association · History of the IPA · Kiel convention (1989) · Journal of the IPA (JIPA) · Naming conventionsPhonetics Special topics Encodings Consonants IPA pulmonic consonants chartchart image • audioPlace → Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical Glottal ↓ Manner Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalv. Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Epiglottal Glottal Nasal m ɱ n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Trill ʙ r ɽ͡r ʀ я * Flap or tap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̯ Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ ɭ˔̊ ʎ̥˔ ʟ̝̊ Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ Lateral flap ɺ ɺ̠ ʎ̯ Non-pulmonic consonants Clicks ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Implosives ɓ ɗ ʄ ᶑ ɠ ʛ Ejectives pʼ tʼ cʼ ʈʼ kʼ qʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ɬʼ xʼ χʼ tsʼ tɬʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ kxʼ kʟ̝̊ʼ Affricates p̪f ts dz tʃ dʒ tɕ dʑ ʈʂ ɖʐ tɬ dɮ cç ɟʝ Co-articulated consonants Fricatives ɕ ʑ ɧ Approximants ʍ w ɥ ɫ Stops k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, left—right represent the voiceless—voiced consonants. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible. * Symbol not defined in IPA. Chart image Vowels Vowels: IPA help • chart • chart with audio • viewCategories:- Vowels
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.
