Pre-Siberian American Aborigines

The name American Aborigines has been proposed by some archaeologists and anthropologistsWho|date=December 2007 for hypothetical peoples who lived in the Americas prior to the arrival of the ancestors of the Paleo-Indians.

This theory is mainly supported by a number of archaeological finds, the dates and anatomical features of which do not fit into the more established Siberian migration or "Clovis First" theories. On the basis of that evidence, it has been speculated that those hypothetical American Aborigines could have been the descendants of Proto-Australoids or early East Asians coming to the Americas from various points of origin, including Oceania or southeast Asia. According to the hypothesis, this population was nearly exterminated or assimilated by the ancestors of today's Amerindians. However, this theory is still somewhat controversial, and the evidence is still being analyzed and published.

The proposed name collides with other established uses of "Aborigine" in American contexts; see American Aborigines (disambiguation).

Cave paintings of Serra da Capivara

One indication of possible American aboriginal settlement of South America came from cave paintings in Serra da Capivara National Park in Brazil. The paintings, which some archaeologists claim are older than the supposed date of arrival of the Siberian migrations to the area, are in a style not seen elsewhere in native American art. Researchers also point to both the physical traits of human remains found at the sites and tool-making technology as highly distinct from that associated with the Clovis culture.

The elaborate ritual costumes shown in the paintings exhibit similarity to those used by Australian Aborigines as well as those used by the Fuegians, the natives of Tierra del Fuego. According to some researchers, such as Walter Neves of the University of Sao Paulo, the Fuegians (who were reduced to only one woman as of 2004) may be descendants of intermixing between American Aborigines and American Indians, and therefore the last surviving remnants of the original settlers.

Monte Verde

Monte Verde is an archaeological site in south-central Chile that pre-dates the earliest known Clovis culture site of Clovis, New Mexico, by 1000 years. One layer at Monte Verde is estimated to date to 12,500 years before present, making it one of the earliest documented sites of human occupation in the Americas. At that time, the Bering Strait route was blocked by huge glaciers, suggesting that Monte Verde's inhabitants arrived long prior to dates associated with the Clovis culture, or via a different route. Another layer at Monte Verde has been radiocarbon dated to 33,000 B.P., although some archaeologists have questioned the methodology used to determine the older date.

Lagoa Santa

More solid evidence was found in the 1970s by anthropologist Anette Laming-Emperaire. In limestone caves of Lagoa Santa region in central Brazil, she unearthed the skeleton of a 20-year old, 1.50 m tall woman, later nicknamed "Luzia" (or Lucia), a reference to the famous African hominid skeleton known as "Lucy". Laming-Emperaire died before she had a chance to study it. Some 20 years later, Walter Neves found the skull in the Quinta da Boa Vista National Museum in Rio de Janeiro, and found that its measurements were quite different from those of the later peoples descended from the Siberian migration(s), and more similar to those of Australian Aborigines, Melanesians, and Negritos. This find, dated between 10,500 and 9,500 BC, was greeted with much skepticism by the anthropological community. The find was eventually confirmed by remains of over 70 individuals with similar characteristics found in that same region. [cite journal |author=Neves WA, Powell JF, Prous A et al. |title=Lapa vermelha IV Hominid 1: morphological affinities of the earliest known American |journal=Genet. Mol. Biol. |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=461–9 |year=1999 |issn=1415-4757 |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1415-47571999000400001&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en] . The authors of the study conclude that with the Monte Verde dates, their suggestion that "populations colonizing the New World may have crossed the Bering Strait earlier than previously thought" becomes more plausible, and that "the Americas could ultimately be seen as part of the first expansion of anatomically modern humans out of Africa, which started during the beginning of the Upper Pleistocene."

The Pericúes

Anthropologist Rolando González-José of the University of Barcelona demonstrated that the remains of the Pericúes, a tribe that lived in Baja California Sur until the 18th century, were morphologically more similar to the Lagoa Santa finds than to any other group tested, and both were closer to the Australian Aborigines and Melanesians than to Siberians. The explanation they give is that "Climatic changes during the Middle Holocene probably generated the conditions for isolation from the continent, restricting the gene flow of the original group with northern populations, which resulted in the temporal continuity of the Palaeoamerican morphological pattern to the present." [cite journal |author=González-José R, González-Martín A, Hernández M, "et al" |title=Craniometric evidence for Palaeoamerican survival in Baja California |journal=Nature |volume=425 |issue=6953 |pages=62–5 |year=2003 |month=Sep |pmid=12955139 |doi=10.1038/nature01816 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v425/n6953/abs/nature01816.html]

Fuegians

The Fuegians of Tierra del Fuego at the extreme tip of South America are thought to be physically, culturally and linguistically distinct from other Native Americans. Some proponents of this theory suggest they may be the descendants of both the relative newcomers from Asia and American Aborigines. Both Tehuelches and Selk'nams practiced body painting in a way not unlike that of Australian aboriginals. In contrast to most other Amerindian peoples, Fuegians appeared to be taller than most Europeans (See: Patagon myth).

Kennewick Man

Kennewick Man, whose remains were found in Washington State, does not resemble today's Amerindians. Anthropologist Joseph Powell concluded in his official report that "Kennewick appears to have strongest morphological affinities with populations in Polynesia and southern Asia, and not with American Indians or Europeans in the reference samples." [http://www.nps.gov/archeology/kennewick/powell_rose.htm Report on the Osteological Assessment of the "Kennewick Man" Skeleton (CENWW.97.Kennewick)Joseph F. Powell and Jerome C. Rose]

Recent DNA Research suggests pre-Clovis migration Beringian for a single founding population

An article in the American Journal of Human Genetics states "Here we show, by using 86 complete mitochondrial genomes, that all Native American haplogroups, including haplogroup X, were part of a single founding population, thereby refuting multiple-migration models." It also states that "Under our model, three periods that may define a date for the peopling of the Americas can be delineated: (1) the colonization of Beringia (because about half of it was “America” at that time) by the founding population; (2) the movement out of Beringia—characterized by the fast colonization of the continental Pacific coastal plain—south of the ice sheets; and (3) the more recent and more extensive colonization of inland continental masses." [cite journal |author=Fagundes NJ, Kanitz R, Eckert R, "et al" |title=Mitochondrial population genomics supports a single pre-Clovis origin with a coastal route for the peopling of the Americas |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=583–92 |year=2008 |month=Mar |pmid=18313026 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013 |url=http://www.ajhg.org/AJHG/fulltext/S0002-9297(08)00139-0# ]

ee also

*Models of migration to the New World
*Proto-Australoid
*Solutrean hypothesis

External links

* [http://www.andaman.org/book/chapter53/luzia/luzia.htm The Lagoa Santa group] , from an Andaman site by George Weber.
* [http://www.andaman.org/book/chapter53/pericu/pericu.htm The Pericu group] , ibid.
* [http://www.hystoria.hpg.ig.com.br/luzia.html Luzia, the first Brazilian] from Veja magazine (in Portuguese).
* [http://www.sciencepresse.qc.ca/archives/2004/cap0504042.html 11000 ans sur une carte] at Science Presse (in French).
* [http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/mt.php?a=34 The First Americans: Were They Australians?] Augusto Cardich interview with "The Mammoth Trumpet"
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/430944.stm First Americans were Australian] from BBC News
* [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/12/1212_051212_humans_americas.html Americas Settled by Two Groups of Early Humans, Study Says] from National Geographic
*cite journal |author=Neves WA, Hubbe M |title=Cranial morphology of early Americans from Lagoa Santa, Brazil: implications for the settlement of the New World |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=102 |issue=51 |pages=18309–14 |year=2005 |month=Dec |pmid=16344464 |pmc=1317934 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0507185102 |url=
* [http://www.geocities.com/latrinchera2000/articulos/poblamiento2.html 'Clovis First Doesn't Fit the Rich Prehistory of the Southern Continent'] by Ruth Gruhn

Notes and references

Bibliography

*Adovasio, James and Jake Page (2003) The First Americans: In Pursuit of Archaeology's Greatest Mystery. Modern Library
*Daley, Laurence (Larry) 2005 Is Luzia recorded in the myth of the Jigüe, Güije, Wijili, Jakuí, July 11, 2005 Amazon.com reader reviews of Dewar, Elaine 2001 Bones: Discovering the First Americans. Random House Canada, 2001, Carroll & Graf Publishers, US, 2002 Carroll and Graf
*Dewar, Elaine 2001 Bones: Discovering the First Americans. Random House Canada, 2001, Carroll & Graf Publishers, US, 2002
*Jones, Peter N. 2004 American Indian mtDNA, Y Chromosome Genetic Data, and the Peopling of North America. Boulder: Bauu Press.
*Jones, Peter N. 2005 Respect for the Ancestors: American Indian Cultural Affiliation in the American West. Boulder: Bauu Press.
*Mendes Corrêa, A. (1928) Nouvelles hypothèses sur le peuplement primitif de l'Amerique du Sud. Annaes, Faculdade de Sciencias do Porto 15 : 86-112. L’Anthropologie 38: 565-7.
*cite journal |author=Neves WA, Atui JP |title=O mito da homogeneidade biológica na população paleoíndia de Lagoa Santa: implicações antropológicas |journal=Rev. Antropol. |volume=47 |issue=1 |pages=159–205 |year=2004 |issn=0034-7701 |url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0034-77012004000100005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en
*Pucciarelli, Héctor M. (2003) "Migraciones y variación craneofacial humana en América". Departamento Científico de Antropología del Museo de La Plata.
*Rivet, Paul (1943) Los orígenes del hombre americano. Fondo de Cultura Económica.
*Rivet, Paul (1909) "Recherches anthropologiques sur la Basse-Californie". "Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris" 6:147-253.