Isthmian Games

The Isthmian Games or Isthmia (ancient Greek Ἴσθμια) were one of the Panhellenic Games of Ancient Greece, and were named after the isthmus of Corinth, where they were held. As with the Nemean Games, the Isthmian Games were held both the year before and the year after the Olympic Games (the second and fourth years of an Olympiad), while the Pythian Games were held in the third year of the Olympiad cycle.

Origin

The Games were reputed to have originated as funeral games for Melicertes (also known as Palaemon), instituted by Sisyphus, legendary founder and king of Corinth, who discovered the dead body and buried it subsequently on the Isthmus. [Apollodorus, "Library" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Apollod%2e+3%2e4%2e3 3.4.3] ; Pausanias, "Description of Greece" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus%2e+2%2e1%2e3 2.1.3] , [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%201.44.8 1.44.8] . It is likely that Pindar already described this version of the origin of the games (in a fragment of the Isthian odes). For more information, see E.R. Gebhard & M.W. Dickie, " [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/isthmia/publications/hero/hero.html Melikertes-Palaimon, Hero of the Isthmian Games] ".] [“… the Isthmia lament Melicertes …” (… Μελικέρτην ὀδύρεται τὰ Ἴσθμια …: Eusebius, "Preparation" [http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/eusebius_pe_02_book2.htm 2.6] (= Clemens, "Protrepticus" 2.34.1).] In Roman times, Melicertes was worshipped in the region. [Pausanias, "Description of Greece" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Paus%2e+2%2e1%2e3 2.1.3] , [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.2.1 2.2.1] .]

Theseus, legendary king of Athens, expanded Melicertes' funeral games from a closed nightly rite into fully-fledged athletic-games event which was dedicated to Poseidon, open to all Greeks, and was at a suitable level of advancement and popularity to rival those in Olympia, which were founded by Herakles. [Plutarch, "Life of Theseus" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plut.%20thes.%2025 25.4–5] .] Theseus arranged with the Corinthians for any Athenian visitors to the Isthmian games to be granted the privilege of front seats ("prohedria", Ancient Greek προεδρία). [Plutarch, "Life of Theseus" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plut.%20thes.%2025 25.4–5] .] Another version states that Kypselos, tyrant of Corinth in the 7th century BC, returned to the Games their old splendour [http://www.cubicao.tk/theory/cuberepresentation.html] . [Solinus, "Wonders of the World" [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/solinus5.html 7.14] .]

If we are to accept the traditional date of the first Olympic Games (776 BC), we can say that the first Isthmian Games would have been held in 582 BC. [According to Solinus, the Isthmian Games were constituted in the 49th Olympiad (Solinus, "Wonders of the World" [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/solinus5.html 7.14] ). The 49th Olympiad began in 584 BC. The Olympic Games took place in [http://www.friesian.com/apology.htm#note-1 July/August] ; the Isthmian Games in April/May of the second year of the Olympiad. The second year of the 49th Olympiad was from July/August 583 to July/August 582 BC. The date 582 BC is accepted by historically-derived documents, for instance, "Der neue Pauly" (under "Isthmia").]

At least until the 5th century BC (Pindar's time) the winners of the Isthmian games received a wreath of celery; [Ancient Greek σέλινον: Pindar, Isthmian Odes [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Pind.+I.+2 2.16] , [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Pind.+I.+8 8.64] .] later, the wreath was altered such that it consisted of pine leaves. [“At the Isthmus the pine, and at Nemea celery became the prize to commemorate the sufferings of Palaemon and Archemorus.” (Pausanias, "Description of Greece" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%208.48 8.48.2] ).] [“As he was marching up an ascent, from the top of which they expected to have a view of the army and of the strength of the enemy, there met him by chance a train of mules loaded with parsley; which his soldiers conceived to be an ominous occurrence or ill-boding token, because this is the herb with which we not unfrequently adorn the sepulchres of the dead; and there is a proverb derived from the custom, used of one who is dangerously sick, that he has need of nothing but parsley. So to ease their minds, and free them from any superstitious thoughts or forebodings of evil, Timoleon halted, and concluded an address suitable to the occasion, by saying, that a garland of triumph was here luckily brought them, and had fallen into their hands of its own accord, as an anticipation of victory: the same with which the Corinthians crown the victors in the Isthmian games, accounting chaplets of parsley the sacred wreath proper to their country; parsley being at that time still the emblem of victory at the Isthmian, as it is now at the Nemean sports; and it is not so very long ago that the pine first began to be used in its place.” “Polytonic|26.(1.) Ἀναβαίνοντι δ’ αὐτῷ πρὸς λόφον, ὃν ὑπερβαλόντες ἔμελλον κατ‑όψεσθαι τὸ στράτευμα καὶ τὴν δύναμιν τῶν πολεμίων, ἐμβάλλουσιν ἡμίονοι(2.) σέλινα κομίζοντες, καὶ τοῖς στρατιώταις εἰσῆλθε πονηρὸν εἶναι τὸ ση‑μεῖον, ὅτι τὰ μνήματα τῶν νεκρῶν εἰώθαμεν ἐπιεικῶς στεφανοῦν σελί‑νοις· καὶ παροιμία τις ἐκ τούτου γέγονε, τὸν ἐπισφαλῶς νοσοῦντα δεῖσθαι(3.) [τοῦτον] τοῦ σελίνου. βουλόμενος οὖν αὐτοὺς ἀπαλλάξαι τῆς δεισιδαιμο‑νίας καὶ τὴν δυσελπιστίαν ἀφελεῖν, ὁ Τιμολέων ἐπιστήσας τὴν πορείανἄλλα τε <πολλὰ> πρέποντα τῷ καιρῷ διελέχθη, καὶ τὸν στέφανον αὐτοῖςἔφη πρὸ τῆς νίκης κομιζόμενον αὐτομάτως εἰς τὰς χεῖρας ἥκειν, ᾧπερΚορίνθιοι στεφανοῦσι τοὺς Ἴσθμια νικῶντας, ἱερὸν καὶ πάτριον στέμμα (5)(4.) <τὸ> τοῦ σελίνου νομίζοντες. ἔτι γὰρ τότε τῶν Ἰσθμίων, ὥσπερ νῦν τῶν(5.) Νεμείων, τὸ σέλινον ἦν στέφανος, οὐ πάλαι δ’ ἡ πίτυς γέγονεν.” (Plutarch, " [http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/timoleon.html Life of Timoleon] ").] [Todo: Oscar Broneer, ‘The Isthmian victory crown’, "American Journal of Archaeology" 66 (1962), pp.259–263.] Victors could also be honored with a statue [Pausanias, "Description of Greece" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.1.7 2.1.7] . None of the statues have survived.] or an ode. Besides these prizes of honor, the city of Athens awarded victorious Athenians with an extra 100 drachmas. [From Solon (638–558 BC) onwards, for he laid it down that “the victor in the Isthmian games was to be paid a hundred drachmas, and the Olympic victor five hundred” (Plutarch, "Live of Solon" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plut.%20sol.%2023.3 23.3] ). According to Diogenes Laertius, Solon “"diminished" the honours paid to Athletes who were victorious in the games, fixing the prize for a victor at Olympia at five hundred drachmae, and for one who conquered at the Isthmian games at one hundred” (Diogenes Laertius, "Lives of Philosophers" 1.55: " [http://www.classicpersuasion.org/pw/diogenes/dlsolon.htm Solon] "; [http://www.mikrosapoplous.gr/dl/dl01.html#solon Greek] ). For comparison: the daily wage for a skilled worked was approximately 1 drachma. Victors in the Isthmian games were not included in those athletes that were entitled to free meals in the [Prytaneion] ( [http://epigraphy.packhum.org/inscriptions/oi?ikey=134 IG I³ 131] ).]

History

From 228 BC or 229 BC onwards the Romans were allowed to take part in the games. [Polybius, "Histories" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=plb.%202.12 2.12.8] .]

The Games of 196 BC were used by Titus Quinctius Flamininus to proclaim the freedom of the Greek states from Macedonian rule. [Polybius, "Histories" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Aid%3Db18c46 18.46] . Compare Appian's account: quote|When he had arranged these things with them he went to the Isthmian games, and, the stadium being full of people, he commanded silence by trumpet and directed the herald to make this proclamation, "The Roman people and Senate, and Flamininus, their general, having vanquished the Macedonians and Philip, their king, order that Greece shall be free from foreign garrisons, not subject to tribute, and shall live under her own customs and laws."

Thereupon there was great shouting and rejoicing and a scene of rapturous tumult; and groups here and there called the herald back in order that he might repeat his words for them. They threw crowns and fillets upon the general and voted statues for him in their cities. They sent ambassadors with golden crowns to the Capitol at Rome to express their gratitude, and inscribed themselves as allies of the Roman people. Such was the end of the second war between the Romans and Philip.|Appian, "Roman History"| [http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/appian/appian_macedonia2.html livius.org]

Since the games' inception, Corinth had always been in control of them. When Corinth was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC, the Isthmian games continued, [Pausanias, "Description of Greece" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%202.2.2 2.2.1] .] but were now administered by Sicyon. Corinth was rebuilt by Caesar in 44 BC. [Pausanias, "Description of Greece" 2.1.2.] Corinth recovered ownership of the Games at some point between 7 BC and AD 3.Fact|date=February 2007 The Isthmian Games thereafter flourished until Theodosius I suppressed them as a pagan ritual.Fact|date=February 2007

=Contests [Pausanias, "Description of Greece" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%205.2 5.2.4] .] =

Comparable to the Olympic games. Among other competitions were:
*Chariot races
*Pankration
*Wrestling
*Musical and poetical contests, in which there is evidence women were allowed to compete. [Aristomache, a poetess from Erythraea, had won the prize at the Isthmian Games: … ὡς ἐν τῷ Σικυωνίων θησαυρῷ χρυσοῦν ἀνέκειτο βιβλίον Ἀριστομάχης ἀνάθημα τῆς Ἐρυθραίας ἐπικῷ … ποιήματι δὶς Ἴσθμια νενικηκυίας (Plutarch, "Symposiacs/Quaestiones convivales" 675b7–10 [http://www.litfix.co.uk/plutarch/symposiacs/chapter5.html#section50 5.2] ).]

Famous victors

In 216 BC: Cleitomachus of Thebes (won wrestling, boxing and pankration on the same day). [Pausanias, "Description of Greece" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Paus.+6.15.3 6.15.3] .]

Isthmian truce

Before the games began, a truce was declared by Corinth to grant athletes safe passage through Greece. [”ἐς ὃ Ἰσθμικὰς σπονδὰς Κορινθίων ἐπαγγειλάντων” (Pausanias, "Description of Greece" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=paus.%205.2 5.2.1] ).] In 412 BC, even though Athens and Corinth were at war, the Athenians were invited to the games as usual. [Thucydides, "History of the Peloponnesian War" [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text.jsp?doc=thuc.%208.10 8.10] .]

See also

* the Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia

Notes

Links

* [http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104a/e211da07.html The Sanctuary of Poseidon] at the [http://www.culture.gr Hellenic Ministry of Culture] .
* [http://www.culture.gr/2/21/211/21104m/e211dm06.html Archaeological Museum of Isthmia] .
* [http://humanities.uchicago.edu/orgs/isthmia/isthmia.html University of Chicago Excavations at Isthmia] .
*Perseus Site Catalog: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0042&query=Isthmia Isthmia] .
*Britannica 1911: [http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Classical_games Classical games]