Exchequer

Exchequer

The Exchequer was (and in some cases still is) a part of the governments of England (latterly to include Wales), Scotland, and Northern Ireland that was responsible for the management and collection of revenues. The various Exchequers have also developed judicial roles.

History of the Exchequer in England and Wales

At an early stage in England (certainly by 1176, the 23rd year of the Reign of Henry II (England) which is the date of the "Dialogue concerning the Exchequer" [ [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/excheq.htm Dialogue concerning the Exchequer] ] ), the Exchequer was split into two components: the purely administrative "Exchequer of Receipt", which collected revenue, and the judicial "Exchequer of Pleas", a court concerned with the King's revenue.

According to the "Dialogue concerning the Exchequer" [ [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/excheq.htm Dialogue concerning the Exchequer] ] , an early medieval work describing the practice of the Exchequer, the Exchequer itself referred to the cloth laid over a large table, 10 feet by 5 feet, with a lip on the edge of 4 'fingers', on which counters were placed representing various values. The name referred to the resemblance of the table to a chess board.

The term "Exchequer" then came to refer to the twice yearly meetings held at Easter and Michaelmas, at which government financial business was transacted and an audit held of sheriffs' returns.

Under Henry I, the procedure adopted for the audit would involve the Treasurer drawing up a summons which would be sent to each Sheriff, which they would be required to answer. The Treasurer would call on each Sheriff to give account of royal income in their shire. The Chancellor of the Exchequer would then question them concerning debts owed by private individuals. The results of the audit were recorded in a series of records known as the Pipe Rolls.

After the Union

The Exchequer became unnecessary as a revenue collecting department as a result of William Pitt's reforms. It was abolished in 1834. Those government departments collecting revenue paid it directly to the Bank of England.

By extension, "exchequer" has come to mean the Treasury and, colloquially, pecuniary possessions in general; as in "the company's exchequer is low".

History of the Exchequer in Scotland

The Scottish Exchequer dates back to around 1200 and had a similar role of auditing and deciding on royal revenues as in England. The Scottish exchequer was slower to develop a separate judicial role, and it was not until 1584 that it became a court of law, separate from the King's council. Even then, the judicial and administrative roles never became completely separated into two bodies, as with the English Exchequer.

The term Court of the Exchequer was only used of the Exchequer department during the Scottish administration of Oliver Cromwell, between 1655 and 1659.

In 1707, the Exchequer Court (Scotland) Act (6 Ann. c. 53) reconstituted the Exchequer into a court on the English model with a Lord Chief Baron and 4 Barons. The court adopted English forms of procedure and had further powers added to it.

From 1832 no new Barons were appointed, and their role was increasingly taken over by judges of the Court of Session. By the Exchequer Court (Scotland) Act 1856 (19 & 20 Vict. c. 56) the Exchequer became a part of the Court of Session. One of the Lords Ordinary acts as a judge in Exchequer causes. The English forms of process ceased to be used in 1947.

ee also

*Fisc
*Lord Chancellor of Scotland
*Auditor of the Exchequer in Scotland
*Court of Exchequer (Scotland)
*Irish Chancellor of the Exchequer
*Irish Exchequer
*Lord Chief Baron of the Exchequer
*Chancellor of the Exchequer

References

Further reading

* Keir, D. L., "The Constitutional History of Modern Britain 1485-1937". Third Edition. A & C Black, 1946.
* Steel, Anthony "The Receipt of the Exchequer, 1377-1485". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.
* Warren, W. L., "The Governance of Norman and Angevin England 1086-1272". Edward Arnold, 1987. ISBN 0-7131-6378-X
* [http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_123/123_439_452.pdf Murray, Athol L, Burnett, Charles J., "The seals of the Exchequer of Scotland". Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. 123 (1993) 439-52]
* [http://www.nas.gov.uk/guides/exchequer.asp National Archives of Scotland guide to Exchequer Records.]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/medieval/excheq.htm Dialogue concerning the Exchequer]

External links

* [http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/about/about_history/about_history_history.cfm HM Treasury history page]


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  • Exchequer — Ex*cheq uer, n. [OE. escheker, OF. eichekier, fr. LL. scaccarium. See {Checker}, {Chess}, {Check}.] 1. One of the superior courts of law; so called from a checkered cloth, which covers, or formerly covered, the table. [Eng.] [1913 Webster] Note:… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • exchequer — ex·che·quer / eks ˌche kər, iks che / n [Anglo French eschecker eschequ(i)er, from Old French eschequier royal treasury, reckoning board or cloth marked with squares, literally, chessboard, from eschec chess] 1 cap: a royal office in medieval… …   Law dictionary

  • Exchequer —   [ɪks tʃekə; von mittellateinisch scaccarium »Schachbrett« (nach dem schachbrettartig gemusterten Brett, auf dem die Rechenpfennige ausgelegt wurden)] das, / s, Schatzamt, in England seit etwa 1100 die oberste zentrale Finanzbehörde, seit dem 13 …   Universal-Lexikon

  • Exchequer — Ex‧cheq‧uer [ɪksˈtʆekə ǁ ˈekstʆekər] written abbreviation Exch noun FINANCE the Exchequer the British government department responsible for collecting taxes and paying out public money: • This year, the Exchequer received some £22 billion from… …   Financial and business terms

  • Exchequer — Ex*cheq uer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. {Exchequered}; p. pr. & vb. n. {Exchequering}.] To institute a process against (any one) in the Court of Exchequer. [1913 Webster] …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Exchequer — (engl., spr. Ekstschekker), königliche Schatzkammer in England; daher Exchequer Bills, Schatzkammerscheine, Haupttheil der unfundirten britischen Staatsschuld, d.i. derjenigen, für welche keine bestimmten Einkünfte angewiesen sind. Zuerst wurden… …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Exchequer — (Ekstscheker), engl., eigentlich Schachbrett; gewürfeltes Tuch als Tischbedeckung; Behörden, welche vor demselben ihre Sitzung haben; court of exchequer, das Schatzkammergericht. E. Bills, Schatzkammerscheine, engl. Staatspapiere, zu deren… …   Herders Conversations-Lexikon

  • exchequer — ► NOUN 1) a royal or national treasury. 2) (Exchequer) Brit. the account at the Bank of England into which tax receipts and other public monies are paid. ORIGIN Old French eschequier, from Latin scaccarium chessboard ; modern senses derive from… …   English terms dictionary

  • exchequer — [eks chek′ər, ikschek′ər; eks′chek΄ər] n. [ME escheker, lit., chessboard, court of revenue, treasury < OFr eschekier: see CHECKER1] 1. [E ] a) under the Norman kings of England, an administrative and judicial state department in charge of… …   English World dictionary

  • Exchequer — (engl., spr. ex tschécker, v. franz. échiquier, »Schachbrett«), in England Name des Schatzkammergerichts (Court of E.), in dem über Einkünfte und Rechte der Krone verhandelt und beschlossen wird. Es bildet den letzten der vier Höfe in Westminster …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Exchequer — (engl., spr. tscheck r, frz. échiquier, »Schachbrett«), in England das Schatzkammergericht (Court of E.), die oberste Behörde für alle die Staatseinkünfte betreffenden Angelegenheiten; daher Chancellor of the E. (Schatzkanzler) Titel des engl.… …   Kleines Konversations-Lexikon

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