Guntur

Infobox Indian Jurisdiction
type = City
native_name = GUNTUR
also_called = GARTHAPURI
nickname = City of Spices
state_name = Andhra Pradesh
skyline = Gmc2.jpg
skyline_caption = A primary road through the centre of the Municipal Corporation of Guntur.
latd = 16.3008
longd = 80.4428
locator_position = right
region = Coastal Andhra
district = Guntur
area_total = 63.15
area_magnitude = 8
altitude = 30
coastline = 66
climate = Tropical
precip = 989.1
temp_annual = 27
temp_summer = 43.7
temp_winter = 18.6
distance_1 =295
direction_1 =NW
destination_1 =Hyderabad
mode_1 =rail
distance_2 =1798
direction_2 =N
destination_2 =Delhi
mode_2 =land
distance_3 =1003
direction_3 =W
destination_3 =Mumbai
mode_3 =land
distance_4 =400
direction_4 =S
destination_4 =Chennai
mode_4 =land
population_as_of = 2007
population_total =
population_metro = 1025707
population_metro_as_of = 2007
population_metro_rank =
sex_ratio = 1000
official_languages = Telugu
leader_title_1 = Mayor
leader_name_1 = Rayapati Mohan Sai Krishna
leader_title_2 = Commissioner
leader_name_2 = Siddartha Jain
leader_title_3 = S.P
leader_name_3 = Mahesh Chandra Ladha
leader_title_4 = M.P
leader_name_4 = Rayapati Sambasiva Rao
leader_title_5 = M.L.A
leader_name_5 = Tadisetty Venkatarao
leader_title_6 = Collector
leader_name_6 = B Venkatesam
established_title =
established_date =
parliament_const = Guntur
planning_agency = GMC, VGTMUDA
area_telephone = 91-863
postal_code = 522 0xx
vehicle_code_range = AP 07, AP 08
unlocode =
website = http://www.gunturcorporation.com
footnotes =

Guntur audio|Guntur.ogg|pronunciation (Telugu: గుంటూరు, Urdu: گنٹور, Hindi: गुंटूर) is a city and a municipal corporation in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh, located convert|40|mi|km to the north of Bay of Bengal. It is approximately convert|1000|mi|km to the south of the capital, New Delhi. The city has an estimated population of 818,330 (514,707 as per 2001 census) with an Urban Agglomeration of approximately 1,028,667. Guntur is one of the larger (tier-2) cities in the country.

Guntur is a centre of learning and the administrative capital of Guntur district, which is home of historically significant Amaravati, Bhattiprolu and Sitanagaram monuments. The city is also a centre for business, industry, and agriculture. The region is identified as a major transportation and textile hub in India. Additionally, the Guntur area economy has an agricultural component that is internationally known for its exports of chillies, cotton, and tobacco.

History

The Kingdom of Pratipalapura of 500 BCE (Bhattiprolu in Guntur district), appears to be the earliest known kingdom in south India. The earliest recorded reference of Guntur comes from the Idern plates of Ammaraja I (922-929 CE), the Vengi Chalukyan king. Guntur also appears in two other inscriptions dated 1147 CE and 1158 CE. The original Sanskrit (ancient Vedic culture/tradition) name for Guntur was Garthapuri (a place surrounded by water ponds('garta'/'gunta')). "'.

Modern Guntur

The original Guntur used to be located where the current 'Old Guntur' exists. Over the last 50-100 years, the city has expanded largely to the north, which is called New Guntur [cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/11/15/stories/2004111514600300.htm|title=New Guntur|publisher=The Hindu] . The current size of the city has an inner radius of about convert|6|mi|km. The City-region comprises the surrounding suburban and rural areas spanning in all the directions. New townships are mushrooming in these areas. [cite web|url=http://mangalagiri.net/uda.html|title=Mangalagiri|publisher=Mangalagiri.net] [cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/27/stories/2006082718300300.htm|title=Mangalagiri township|publisher=The Hindu]

Geography

* Guntur Plains: Guntur is located at coord|16.20|N|80.27|E| [cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/2/Guntur.html|title=Falling Rain Genomics-Guntur|publisher=Falling Rain Genomics Inc. ] . It has an average elevation of 33 metres (108 ft) and situated on the plains. There are a few hills in the surrounding suburban areas. The city is located around 40 miles (64 km) to the north of the Bay of Bengal on the east coast of India. The Krishna Delta lies partly in Guntur district. There are other smaller rivers and channels in the region such as Guntur Channel, Chandravanka, Naagileru, Guntur Branch Canal [cite web|url=http://irrigation.cgg.gov.in/dp/GunturDistrictProfile.jsp|title=Guntur irrigation|publisher=Government of India] etc.
* As quoted in NASA's website [cite web|url=http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/EFS/photoinfo.pl?PHOTO=STS032-72-61|title=Coastal formations|publisher=NASA] "it is typical of the wider deltas along the southeast coast of India (known as the Coromandel Coast). The braided stream channels, broad floodplain, and extensive sandbars suggest that this part of the Krishna River flows through relatively flat terrain and carries a substantial amount of sediment, especially during the monsoon season." [http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/EFS/photoinfo.pl?PHOTO=STS032-72-61 Image Website] of NASA "of the Guntur City and District/Region of India. With the ocean on the top portion of the image, the actual location of the city is on the bottom right side portion of the image."
* Rain storms and hurricanes are common in the region during the rainy season, which starts with the monsoons in early June. The hurricanes could occur any time of the year, but commonly between May and November.
* Also check [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=16334636&x=80463181&z=12&l=0&m=a Guntur City Region] on Wiki-Maps.

Demographics

As of 2001 India census [GR|India] , Guntur had a population of 514,707. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Guntur has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 74%, and female literacy is 62%. In Guntur, 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

The region extends over an area of 11.68 sq. miles, while its population was about 25,000 by 1866 census and 30,183 by 1902 census. By 1961 census Guntur had a population of 187,122. It has grown about six times in its size during these 60 years. Currently the city is estimated to have population of around 800,000 with Urban Agglomeration of approximately 1,028,667.

Culture and diversity

With the culture and traditions of ageless Sanatana Dharma/Ancient Vedic Civilization (known as Hinduism), has a presence in Guntur, with even a Jewish synagogue. Religious faiths such as Islam and Christianity lead a harmonious existence.

Language and Festivals

Telugu is the main language of communication in the city. One of the earliest/purest forms of Telugu language can be noticed in this region. Other languages such as English and Hindi are used in the city to a minor extent. The culture is vibrant with many festivals (that have been celebrated over thousands of years). Those festivals observed in Guntur with great pomp and splendour are: Deepavali, Krishna-Ashtami, Rama Navami, Sankranti, Sivaratri, Ugadi, Vijaya Dasami, Vinayaka-Chaviti. Also, noticeable are festivals introduced before a few centuries, including Christmas, Eid ul-Fitr, Muharram, Ramadan. The 30th International Kalachakra festival was held at Amaravati near Guntur.

City lifestyle

The city's lifestyle has a mixture of both urban and rural with some cosmopolitan element. Like any typical Indian city, the majority of the population is from middle and lower middle class families. With a reasonable cost of living and most basic amenities available, the city attracts people from outside. Guntur's residents wear both Indian style and Western style clothing. The common traditional clothing for women is a Saree, Salwar and for men formally, a Dhovathi or Pancha or casually, a Lungi.

Economy

Cotton-Tobacco-Chilli city

Guntur City and its region is a major commercial centre in India. Cotton, tobacco and chilli are some of the major commodities that are exported from here to different parts of the world. The city hosts the largest Asian market cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/Chillies_lose_sting_exports__Guntur_markets_only_hope/RssArticleShow/articleshow/2055828.cms|title= Largest Asian market for chillies|work=Online edition of the Economic Times|publisher=The Economic Times|accessdate=2007-06-21] for red chillies. The [http://www.indiantobacco.com Tobacco Board, India] , a part of the Government of India, is headquartered in Guntur. The chillies that are grown in this region are some of the hottest in the world, and are in constant competition cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/full.asp?fodname=20070115&fname=GGuntur+(F)&sid=1|title= Guntur Chillies|work=Online edition of Outlook magazine-free registration required|accessdate=2007-08-01] with chillies from Mexico for first place. A 'Spice Park' is currently being setup in the area [cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/04/stories/2007020406540400.htm|title=Spice Park proposed|publisher=The Hindu] . The cotton that grows in the region is used in making some of the finest sarees in India [cite web|url=http://www.sarisafari.com/sarisisters.html|title= Guntur & Mangalagiri sarees|publisher=SariSafari.com|accessdate=2007-08-23] .

Industrialisation

The industrial development in the Guntur Region is of medium scale. On a positive note the region has minimal industrial and related pollution as compared to major cities in the country. Some of the industries in the area are: textile mills/handloom, silk, Sangam Dairy, cement factories, Andhra Fertilizers, jute mills, granite industries, diamond and other ore processing (Hindustan Zinc Limited), Auto-Nagar and software/IT Companies. A [http://www.yarnsandfibers.com/news/index_fullstory.php3?id=9094 Textile Hub] is being developed on the southwestern side of the city [cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/25/stories/2006042502780200.htm|title= Guntur set to become a textile hub|publisher=The Hindu] , and the government is also encouraging the setting up of new industries. Possible future plans include the Biotechnology Park, [cite web|url=http://www.justandhra.com/index/news/comments/centre_considering_bio_tech_park_in_guntur|title= BioTech Park|publisher=JustAndhra.com] Knowledge Park etc.

Farming and Vegetation

* Farm landsThe Guntur region (that is, the Krishna Delta part) is one of the most fertile areas in India. With the River Krishna flowing to the north of the district, the area has many farmlands and paddy fields growing wide varieties of rice, other food grains, and other various crops. The Guntur Branch Canal (GBC) and other smaller rivers serve water to the farmlands in the region.

* Afforestation, [http://www.socialforestryguntur.com Green Guntur] A social forestry project for Guntur is on the anvil to make the region greener; Guntur [cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/05/stories/2006060508440300.htm|title=Mangrove protection programme|publisher=The Hindu] (since only about 35% of the forest in the district has survived as per available statistics, a common issue throughout India). The government is closely working with other corporates in meeting the goals. As a part of this Green Guntur project, one crore saplings have been planted in the city. The city's UDA is also developing many medium and small size parks throughout the city.

Ports and Shore points

Located about convert|40|mi|km from the city's urban area, the region has enough coastline helping its economy either through tourism or trade. Though the exports from Guntur region mainly depend on Chennai harbour, there is a push to bring back one of its shore points as a harbour, with a chemical park also under consideration [cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/17/stories/2007031710150300.htm|title= Stage set for incorporation of Nizampatnam port complex|publisher=The Hindu] .
* [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/01/20/stories/2006012002332100.htm The Port City Complex in Guntur District] /Nizampatnam HarbourA port city to be built [cite web|url=http://in.news.yahoo.com/060120/43/623lu.html|title=Czech firm to develop $2 bn port in Andhra|publisher=Yahoo! India] near Nizampatnam in Guntur District. This is part of a major renovation of the Nizampatnam Harbour. The development of this harbour will enable the Guntur region to be a major port player, with direct access to exports and imports to, around the world [http://www.projectstoday.com/projects/Czech-Nizam-Port.asp Projects Today] , [http://in.news.yahoo.com/060120/43/623lu.html Yahoo News] .
* Surya Lanka near BapatlaSuryalanka is a tourist shore point convert|40|mi|km south of Guntur City, with all desirable features of a sea shore. It has good facilities for the stay and entertainment of visitors.

Transportation

Highways/roadways

The city is the regional headquarters of the State Road Transport System. It is connected to all the major cities of the country through various national and state highways. There are a couple of major highways such as Madras—Guntur—Kolkata highway and the Guntur—Nagarjuna Sagar—Hyderabad highway (which can take to other major routes like Mumbai and Delhi). Within the city the traffic primarily flows using the inner, outer ring-roads, few bridges system, a major transportation project, under progress.

Trains

Guntur junction is one of the Divisional headquarters(Guntur division) and a major transit point of the Indian Railways [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in System] . All four "super metro" cities and most state capitals can be accessed through this transit point. Greater Guntur has the following stations: the Main Station (near Arundelpet and Railpet) with a future plan of running suburban trains in the suburban region. The Indian Railways is one of the most convenient and efficient systems of commute for the people throughout India.

Air travel

The closest major airport is located at Hyderabad (4.5 hours travel) with limited international connections. A major international airport is located near Chennai (which is 8 hours by rail from Guntur) operating various airlines throughout the world. A local airport at Gannavaram offers daily flights to Hyderabad, Chennai and Bangalore City. There is a proposal to build a more practical airport to the south-west of Guntur City [cite web|url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEA20080321013802&Page=A&Title=Southern+News+-+Andhra+Pradesh&Topic=0|title=Seaport and Airport for Guntur District|publisher=NewIndPress|accessdate=2008-03-23] .

Academics/education and research

Guntur is one of the first cities to provide higher education and graduate programs in India. The Acharya Nagarjuna University is one of the largest universities in the country, and covers various institutions from 3 districts. There are a number of graduate schools, colleges, and high schools providing basic and higher education (agricultural, arts, bio-med, engineering, management, medical, nursing, pharmaceutical, sciences, technology) in the region. The Guntur Institute of Medical Sciences is one of many premier institutes in the city region.The Vedic University near Guntur specializes in the teaching of Vedic Sciences, other related philosophies, and the Vedanta.

* Acharya Nagarjuna University [http://www.nagarjunauniversity.ac.in ANU]
* Vedic University at Sitanagaram [http://www.chinnajeeyar.org Jeeyar Educational Trust]
* Medical Colleges: Guntur Medical College/ [http://www.gunturmedicalcollege.in GIMS] .
* Engineering Colleges: RVR, Vignan's, LITAM, NIET, NEC, KLC, BEC, [http://www.crenggcollege.com SCREC] , TEC.
* Legacy: Andhra-Christian College.
* Hundreds of high schools/colleges (providing basic & higher education) eg:AM, [http://www.aravindaschool.com AS] , [http://www.chalapthi.com CP] , [http://www.jkcc.ac.in JK] , [http://www.indiaeducation.ernet.in/insitutions/PROFILENEW1.ASP?no=U01462 TJ] etc.
* Agricultural Research Center, Lam of ANGRAU [http://www.angrau.net/]
* Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Lam
* Regional Station of Central Tobacco Research Institute (CTRI) of Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) [http://www.ctri.org.in/]
* Indian Tobacco Board [http://www.indiantobacco.com]

City Affairs

The climate in Guntur City is very tropical in nature, but there are dry spells especially during the winter season, [http://wwwa.accuweather.com/index-world-forecast.asp?partner=accuweather&myadc=0&traveler=0&zipcode=ASI%7CIN%7CIN002%7CGUNTUR%7C Current Temperature@City] . The average temperature is warm to hot throughout the year, with temperatures ranging from approximately 16C to 46C (60F to 116F). The summer season (especially during May/June) has the highest temperatures, but these are usually followed by monsoon rains in that season. The winter season (from October to February) is the most enjoyable with a pleasant climate. Summer clothing suffices throughout the year. [http://www.worldtimezone.com/time/wtzresult.php?CiID=16871&forma= Local Time at Guntur] .

Local Cuisine

Guntur City is famous for the food items such as mirchi bajji (mirapakaya bajji), aavakaaya pickle, gongura pickle outlets. The city has many lodgings, inns and hotels in every corner.

Market

There are numerous markets selling vegetables, fruits, flowers and other commodities throughout the city. Also, many super markets are opening due to an increasingly expanding middle class. The 'Patnam Bazar' area of the city is famous for the wholesale market of many consumer goods. The traditional method of selling vegetables.

Entertainment and events

Motion Pictures/Films are a common form of entertainment in the city as well as in the rest of India. Guntur has many movie theatres that play Telugu, English, and Hindi movies. Though not as popular, traditional drama and

Infrastructure and media

Guntur's infrastructure includes state-of-the-art technologies such as high-speed Internet and multimedia for applications such as news, education, etc. News sources, in Telugu, such as ( [http://www.andhrajyothy.com/districts/districtshow.asp?qry=gnt Andhra Jyothi] , [http://www.eenadu.net/district/districtshow1.asp?dis=guntur Eenadu] , [http://www.vaarttha.com/vaarttha/guntur/guntur.asp Vaartha] ) and those in English, such as, [http://www.hindu.com The Hindu (newspaper)] are widely used. Some newspaper offices are located within the city. Cable TV news has become another common mode for news information.

Health care

The region of Guntur is one of the best in providing excellent medical and health care facilities on the east coast of India. It boasts major medical facilities (super specialty hospitals) and related research institutions. The [http://www.gmc.ac.in/hospital-ggh.htm General Hospital] provides free health care to people across the coastal districts. The [http://www.giftofvision.org Sankar Eye Hospital] [cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/01/stories/2007030104630200.htm|title=Sankara Eye Hospital goes hi-tech|publisher=The Hindu] , Kugler Hospital (more than a century old) and St. Joseph Hospital are just a few of the many premier hospitals in the region. A new medical facility VIMS [http://www.viswaguru.com] is established at Viswanagar to serve the people in the rural areas that are to the south and west of the city.

Local governance, [http://www.gunturcorporation.com The GMC]

Both bureaucrats and elected officials manage the city affairs and issues. The municipal commissioner and district collector are usually from the Indian Administrative Service (IAS). The MP, MLAs, Mayor, corporators constitute the local elected officials. Initiatives such as E-Governance are being put in place to reduce red-tapism, thereby enabling transparency in administration. The Guntur Municipal Corporation is among the select cities (4) across the world where an ‘eco-budget’ is being implemented. cite web|url=http://www.newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEA20060926032553&Page=A&Title=Southern+News+-+Andhra+Pradesh&Topic=0|title= EU to help GMC implement Eco-budget|work=Online edition of the New Indian Express|accessdate=2007-08-01]

Law and order

Guntur Range (Andhra Pradesh Police Department) is the regional headquarters of the State Police with its own Inspector General covering three nearby districts (including Guntur district). The High Court was in Guntur briefly after the separation from the erstwhile Madras State, [cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/06/stories/2004070601210900.htm|title=Former High Court July 06, 1954|publisher=The Hindu] ] which was later moved to the current state capital after the formation of AP. There is a pending plan to create a High Court bench at Guntur, covering for the coastal districts. [cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/25/stories/2006022512290300.htm|title=High Court bench requirement|publisher=The Hindu] Guntur also hosts one of the Indian Army recruitment and training centres [cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/17/stories/2008011760190500.htm|title=Army recruitment rally|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=2008-01-17] . Suryalanka of Guntur Region has an airbase of the Indian Air Force.

Tourism & places of interest

Sports and stadia

The city has hosted several national and international level sporting events for various sports. It is one of the places in India to host the International Grandmaster Chess tournaments. [cite web|url=http://www.chathurangam.com/indian/guntur2000/round13.asp|title=International Grandmaster Chess tournament] Cricket is the most common and well followed sporting event, there are other sports such as kabbadi, volleyball, basketball, tennis, badminton, table tennis hosted regularly. Following is a list of stadiums in the city [cite web|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/india/content/town/58100.html|title=List of Stadia/Grounds in Guntur.|accessdate=2008-09-24] .
* Brahmananda Reddy Stadium
* Tennis clubs
* Gunta Ground
* NTR Stadium, Brindavan Gardens
* Police Parade Ground
* Prakasam Stadium
* Public Works Department Ground
* Zilla Parishad
* Krishna Cricket Academy

Countryside

* Chilakaluripet [cite web|url=http://www.chilakaluripet.com|title=Chilakaluripeta] is a countryside of Guntur City. The present prosperous place that is developing in education, arts and business was once called "Chilakala Thota, Rajagari Kota and Purushothamapatnam". The British called the area "Chick pet." Due to the orchards, a number of parrots used to come here and live on the trees. So that this place was once called "Chilakaluri" in the time of the Chilakaluripeta zamindars.
* Namburu
* Piduguralla
* Ponnuru
* Vadlamudi
* Chebrolu is a major panchayat comprising three villages Chebrolu, Pathareddypalem and Kothareddypalem. It is a mandal headquarters. Buckingham canal, which passes nearby is used for inland transport and irrigation. It was a regional fort for the Pallavas, Chalukyas and the Kakatiya Empire. Its ancient name was Sambhole (from which 'Chebrolu' is derived). There are famous Chalukya inscriptions. Chebrolu is mentioned in the "Yuddamalluni"-Vijayawada inscriptions. It became famous during the rule of the Kakatiyas, as a great general Jayapa ruled the Chebrolu fort. Jayapa's sisters were also, married to Ganapatideva, the greatest Kakatiya. Jayapa also wrote a famous book on Indian dance, "Nrutyaratnavali".

Trivia

* Mica ("Abhrakam" in Telugu/Sanskrit) was first discovered around 2200 years ago in the Guntur region, believed to be by the Great Philosopher Acharya Nagarjuna. [cite web|url=http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/ref/guntur|title=Acharya Nagrjuna]
* Pierre Jules Cesar Janssen (1824-1907) discovered the existence of Helium in Guntur, in 1868, while watching a complete solar eclipse. The unusual length of the eclipse, about ten minutes, had attracted many scientists from all over the world.
* The only Indian family on the "Titanic" was from Guntur [cite web|url=http://encyclopedia-titanica.org/biography/341/|title=Family from Guntur on the Titanic] [cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/04/15/stories/2004041502012400.htm|title= The Titanic survivors from Guntur|publisher=The Hindu] .
* Jinnah tower, a commemorative tower for Pakistan's founder Muhammed Ali Jinnah is unique to Guntur in the whole of South Asia. cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2003090701152000.htm&date=2003/09/07/&prd=th&|title= Jinnah Tower|work=Online edition of the Hindu|accessdate=2007-07-31]
* The 30th Kalachakra International Festival took place at Amaravathi of Guntur in the presence of the Dalai Lama during January 2006.
* Guntur is one of the major textile hubs and a major business district in India [cite web|url=http://www.yarnsandfibers.com/news/index_fullstory.php3?id=9094|title=Textile Hub] .
* The name of a dormant volcano near Guntur City is Mangalagiri, which is believed to be kept under control through traditional means.

References

See also

* Timeline of Guntur
* Vedic Civilization/List of Hinduism-related topics, List of Buddhist topics.
* Other cities
** Ancient India: Amaravati, Ayodhya, Badrinath, Dwaraka, Gandhara, Haridwar, Hastinapur, Kanchi, Kashmir, Kedarnath, Prayaga, Rameswaram, Taxasila, Tirupati, Varanasi.
** World Cities, India Cities.
* Education in Guntur, Guntur Coast, Guntur Tourism, Transportation in Guntur, People from Guntur.

External links

* [http://www.gunturcorporation.org Guntur Municipal Corporation]
* [http://www.gunturonline.net Guntur City and District Management]
* [http://www.gunturpolice.org Guntur Police]
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=16334636&x=80463181&z=12&l=0&m=a Guntur City Region - Wikimapia]
* [http://www.maplandia.com/india/andhra-pradesh/guntur/ Guntur Map by Google]
* [http://eol.jsc.nasa.gov/sseop/EFS/photoinfo.pl?PHOTO=STS032-72-61 Guntur Map by NASA]
* [http://wwwa.accuweather.com/index-world-forecast.asp?partner=accuweather&myadc=0&traveler=0&zipcode=ASI%7CIN%7CIN002%7CGUNTUR%7C Current Temperature @ Guntur City]
* [http://www.worldtimezone.com/time/wtzresult.php?CiID=16871&forma= Local Time at Guntur]
* [http://www.all-indiatravel.com/guntur/guthikonda-guntur.html Guthikonda Caves]
* [http://www.giftofvision.org Sankar Eye Foundation, Focus A.P]
* [http://sagar.physics.neu.edu/pat/uppalapadu Uppalapadu, SPECIES 2001]
* [http://www.chinnajeeyar.org Vedic University/JET]
* [http://www.viswaguru.com Viswamandiram]