Pinckney Island National Wildlife Refuge

Infobox_protected_area | name = Pinckney Island National Wildlife Refuge
iucn_category = IV

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caption =
locator_x = 229
locator_y = 123
location = South Carolina, USA
nearest_city = Hilton Head Island, South Carolina
lat_degrees = 32
lat_minutes = 14
lat_seconds = 37.5648
lat_direction = N
long_degrees = 80
long_minutes = 45
long_seconds = 55.0980
long_direction = W
area = convert|4053|acre|km2|0
established = 1975
visitation_num = 400,000
visitation_year = 2004
governing_body = U.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceThe Pinckney Island National Wildlife Refuge is a convert|4053|acre|km2|0|sing=on National Wildlife Refuge located in Beaufort County, South Carolina between the mainland and Hilton Head Island. Named after Major General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, it was established to provide a nature and forest preserve for aesthetic and conservation purposes.

The refuge is one of seven refuges administered by the Savannah Coastal Refuges Complex in Savannah, Georgia. The complex has a combined staff of 31 with a fiscal year 2005 budget of $3,582,000.

History

Pinckney Island NWR is archaeologically rich, with 115 prehistoric and historic sites identified. Analysis of the prehistoric sites indicate human occupation dating from the Archaic Period (8000-1000 BC), with intensive use during the Mississippian Period (1000-1500 AD). Historic artifacts indicate that small scale, impermanent settlements were made on Pinckney by French and Spanish groups in the 16th and 17th centuries. Permanent settlements did not occur until 1708 when Alexander Mackay, an Indian trader, obtained title to 200 acres of Pinckney Island. By 1715, Mackay had acquired the rest of Pinckney and most of the other islands which comprise the present refuge. In 1736, Mackay's widow sold the islands to Charles Pinckney, father of General Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. General Pinckney was a commander during the Revolutionary War, a signer of the United States Constitution, and, in 1804 and 1808, a presidential candidate. Pinckney was an absentee landowner until 1804, when he moved to the island and began managing the property. The Pinckney family developed the islands into a plantation, removing much of the maritime forest and draining and tilling the fertile soil. By 1818, over 200 slaves were being used to produce fine quality long-staple Sea Island Cotton on 297 acres; 386 slaves lived on the island by 1840.

The plantation flourished until the American Civil War when it was occupied by Union troops. Small skirmishes took place on Pinckney Island. The most significant incident occurred on August 21, 1862, when the Confederate Beaufort Light Artillery/11th Infantry attacked the camp of Company H, Third Regiment, New Hampshire Volunteers, killing four Union soldiers and wounding ten men (eight Confederate, two Union).

Army records also reflect that black troops were recruited for the Union Army from the area. Five military (U.S. Colored Troops) headstones are located in a cemetery on the northwest side of Pinckney Island indicating the possibility that slaves living on the plantation during the Civil War were recruited by the U.S. Army.

After the war, the plantation did not prosper, and by the 1930s, was virtually abandoned. In 1937, after over 200 years of Pinckney ownership, the plantation was sold to Ellen Bruce, wife of James Bruce, a New York banker who used the property as a hunting preserve. Hardwoods and pine were planted, ponds were built to attract waterfowl and for irrigation, and 70 percent of the farm fields were placed back into cultivation.

Edward Starr and [http://libraries.mit.edu/img/libs/barker/jmbarker.jpgJames Madison Barker] , a distinguished MIT alumnus and early leader in the field of international business, purchased the islands in 1954 and continued to manage them as a game preserve. In 1975, the islands were donated to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to be managed exclusively as a National Wildlife Refuge and as a nature and forest preserve for aesthetic and conservation purposes. The Pinckney Island NWR was established on December 4, 1975.

Topography

The convert|4053|acre|km2|0|sing=on refuge includes Pinckney Island, Corn Island, Big Harry and Little Harry Islands, Buzzard Island and numerous small hammocks. Pinckney is the largest of the islands and the only one open to public use. Nearly 67% of the refuge consists of saltmarsh and tidal creeks. A wide variety of land types are found on Pinckney Island alone: saltmarsh, forestland, brushland, fallow field and freshwater ponds. In combination, these habitats support a diversity of bird and plant life.

Wildlife

Wildlife commonly observed on Pinckney Island include waterfowl, shorebirds, wading birds, raptors, neo-tropical migrants, and white-tailed deer, with large concentrations of white ibis, herons, and egrets. Other species include the American Alligator, Flatwoods Salamander, Bald Eagle, and the Wood Stork.

Facilities

There is no visitor center at the refuge. However, there are opportunities for hiking, cycling, photography and wildlife observation.

Each year the refuge holds a one-day quota deer hunt to ensure that population numbers remain in balance with the surrounding habitat. However, fishing is prohibited from the land portions of the refuge.

Trails

There convert|41.5|mi|km|1 of hiking trails on the refuge on nine different trails:

*Ibis Pond - convert|1.2|mi|km|1, round trip; one and a half hours
*Shell Point - convert|4.6|mi|km|1, round trip; four hours and 15 minutes
*Wood Stork Pond - convert|2.7|mi|km|1, round trip; two and a half hours
*Osprey Pond - convert|3.0|mi|km|1, round trip; three hours
*Nini Chapin Pond - convert|3.6|mi|km|1, round trip; three and a half hours
*Bull Point - convert|5.0|mi|km|1, round trip; five hours
*Dick Point - convert|7.4|mi|km|1, round trip; six and a half hours
*Clubhouse Pond - convert|6.2|mi|km|1, round trip; five and a half hours
*White Point - convert|7.8|mi|km|1, round trip; seven hours

ee also

*List of National Wildlife Refuges

External links

* [http://www.fws.gov/pinckneyisland/ Pinckney Island National Wildlife Refuge homepage]
* [http://www.fws.gov/refuges//profiles/index.cfm?id=41629 FWS profile of Pinckney Island NWR]
* [http://www.recreation.gov/detail.cfm?ID=1566 Recreation.gov overview]