Tire code

Tire code

Automobile tires are described by an alphanumeric tire code (in American English) or tyre code (in British English, Australian English and others), which is generally molded into the sidewall of the tire. This code specifies the dimensions of the tire, and some of its key limitations, such as load-bearing ability, and maximum speed. Sometimes the inner sidewall contains information not included on the outer sidewall, and vice versa.

The code has grown in complexity over the years, as is evident from the mix of metric and imperial units, and ad-hoc extensions to lettering and numbering schemes. New automotive tires frequently have ratings for traction, treadwear, and temperature resistance (collectively known as The Uniform Tire Quality Grade (UTQG) ratings).

Most tires sizes are given using the ISO Metric sizing system. However, some pickup trucks and SUVs use the Light Truck Numeric or Light Truck High Flotation system.

Contents

National technical standards regulations

The European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation (ETRTO) and the Tire and Rim Association (TRA) are two organizations that influence national tire standards. The objective of the ETRTO include aligning national tire and rim standards in Europe.[1] The Tire and Rim Association, formerly known as The Tire and Rim Association of America, Inc., is an American trade organization which standardizes technical standards.[2] In the United States, the Office of Vehicle Safety Compliance, a component of the Department of Transportation, is one of the agencies tasked to enforce the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS).[3] Canada has published tire regulations, such as the Motor Vehicle Tire Safety Regulations SOR 95-148.[4]

Explanation of tire codes

Tire identification diagram

The ISO Metric tire code consists of a string of letters and numbers, as follows:

  • An optional letter (or letters) indicating the intended use or vehicle class for the tire:-
    • P: Passenger Car
    • LT: Light Truck
    • ST: Special Trailer
    • T: Temporary (restricted usage for "Space-Saver" spare wheels)
Use of the letter P indicates that the tire is engineered to TRA standards and absence of a letter indicates that the tire is engineered to ETRTO standards. In practice, the standards of the two organizations have evolved together and are virtually interchangable.[5]
  • 3 digit number: The "nominal section width" of the tire in millimeters; the widest point from both outer edges.
  • /: Slash character for character separation.
  • 2 or 3 digit number: The "aspect ratio" of the sidewall height to the total width of the tire, as a percentage. If the information is omitted, it is assumed to be 82%. If the number is larger than 200, then this is the diameter of the entire tire in millimeters.
  • An optional letter indicating construction of the fabric carcass of the tire:
    • B: bias belt (where the sidewalls are the same material as the tread, leading to a rigid ride)
    • D: diagonal
    • R: radial
      • if omitted, then it is a cross ply tire
  • 2 digit number: Diameter in inches of the wheel that the tires are designed to fit. There is the rare exception metric diameter tires, such as the use of the 390 size, which in this case would indicate a wheel of 390 mm in diameter. Few tires are made to this size presently.[6]
  • 2 or 3 digit number: Load index; see table below
  • 1 or 2 digit/letter combo: Speed rating; see table below
  • Additional marks: See subheading below.

Light trucks

Tire identification diagram, light truck specific features

Some light truck tires follow the Light Truck Numeric or Light Truck High Flotation systems, indicated by the letters LT at the end instead of the beginning of the sequence, as follows:

  • The tire diameter is given for High Flotation tires and omitted from Numeric tires.
    • 2 digit number: The diameter of the tire in inches.
    • x: Separator character.
  • 3 or 4 digit number: The section width (cross section) of the tire in inches. If the tire diameter is not given, section widths ending in zero (e.g., 7.00 or 10.50) indicate the aspect ratio is 92%, while section widths not ending in zero (e.g., 7.05 or 10.55) indicate the aspect ratio is 82%.
  • Construction of the fabric of the tire:
    • B: bias belt
    • D: diagonal
    • R: radial
  • 2 digit number: Diameter in inches of the wheel rim that this tire is designed to fit.
  • LT: Designates that this is a Light Truck tire.
  • Load index and speed rating are not required for this type of tire but may be provided by the manufacturer.
    • 2 or 3 digit number: Load index; see table below.
    • 1 or 2 digit/letter combination: Speed rating; see table below.
  • Additional marks: See subheading below.

Load range

The Load Range Letter on light truck tires indicates their ply rating.[7]

Load Range Ply Rating
A 2
B 4
C 6
D 8
E 10
F 12
G 14
H 16
J 18
L 20
M 22
N 24

There is a common misconception that there is a specific equivalence between a tire's Load Range (or ply rating) and its inflation pressure at which it achieves its maximum load.[8] In reality, tires of the same Load Index may require dramatically different pressures to achieve their published load ratings.

This can be seen by consulting the standards published every year by the industry standards group, the Tire and Rim Association. As an example, their 2010 Year Book shows that Load Range C tires may require 35 psi (240 kPa) or 55 psi (380 kPa), Load Range D tires may require 50 psi (340 kPa) or 65 psi (450 kPa), and Load Range E tires may require 65 psi (450 kPa) or 80 psi (550 kPa) to achieve their Load Index and Maximum Loads.[9] This is also the case in the tables published by major tire makers, who do follow these TRA standards and have multiple inflation pressures for the same Load Range in the tires they sell. [10]

It is essential to consult the guides like those just mentioned when making tire substitutions, and to read exactly what is imprinted on the sidewalls of tires. A different size of tire with the same Load Range may require a higher inflation pressure, and may fail in use if under-inflated.

Load index

The load index on a passenger car tire is a numerical code stipulating the maximum load (mass, or weight) each tire can carry. For Load Range "B" tires, ETRTO (ISO-Metric) standards specify the load index rating at an inflation pressure of 36 psi (250 kPa) (table Below) while P-Metric standards measure the load capacity at an inflation pressure of 35 psi (240 kPa). The two standards vary slightly with the capacity required for different inflation pressures.[11]

While all ETRTO tires of the same load index will have the same maximum load P-Metric tires with the same load index may have different load capacities depending on the tire size. The TRA Inflation Tables must always be consulted when comparing the load capacity of P-Metric tires—the Load Index alone is not sufficient. An example: a P205/50R15 Standard Load tire has a load index of 84 and a load rating of 505 kg (1,113 lb) at 35 psi (240 kPa). A P215/50R13 with the same load index of 84 only has a load rating of 495 kg (1,091 lb), also at 35 psi (240 kPa).[12]

ETRTO produces a Standards Manual (current edition 2010) which contains a number of specifications and tables. The load index table (2010 page G7) lists the Load index from 0–45 kg (0–99 lb) to 279–136,000 kg (620–300,000 lb) (although it appears to relate to an inflation pressure of 42 psi (290 kPa) it doesn't specify, but see Load Inflation Table). [13] The Load Inflation Table references the load index to inflation pressures between 22 psi (150 kPa) and 42 psi (290 kPa) at 1 psi (6.9 kPa) intervals which is too large to be included here. [14]

Standard Load Table (extract from ETRTO Standards Manual – 2010 page G7 - ref 42 psi (290 kPa))[15]
Code Weight Code Weight Code Weight Code Weight
60 250 kg (550 lb) 80 450 kg (990 lb) 100 800 kg (1,800 lb) 120 1,400 kg (3,100 lb)
61 257 kg (570 lb) 81 462 kg (1,020 lb) 101 825 kg (1,820 lb) 121 1,450 kg (3,200 lb)
62 265 kg (580 lb) 82 475 kg (1,050 lb) 102 850 kg (1,900 lb) 122 1,500 kg (3,300 lb)
63 272 kg (600 lb) 83 487 kg (1,070 lb) 103 875 kg (1,930 lb) 123 1,550 kg (3,400 lb)
64 280 kg (620 lb) 84 500 kg (1,100 lb) 104 900 kg (2,000 lb) 124 1,600 kg (3,500 lb)
65 290 kg (640 lb) 85 515 kg (1,140 lb) 105 925 kg (2,040 lb) 125 1,650 kg (3,600 lb)
66 300 kg (660 lb) 86 530 kg (1,200 lb) 106 950 kg (2,100 lb)
67 307 kg (680 lb) 87 545 kg (1,200 lb) 107 975 kg (2,150 lb)
68 315 kg (690 lb) 88 560 kg (1,200 lb) 108 1,000 kg (2,200 lb)
69 325 kg (720 lb) 89 580 kg (1,300 lb) 109 1,030 kg (2,300 lb)
70 335 kg (740 lb) 90 600 kg (1,300 lb) 110 1,060 kg (2,300 lb)
71 345 kg (760 lb) 91 615 kg (1,360 lb) 111 1,090 kg (2,400 lb)
72 355 kg (780 lb) 92 630 kg (1,400 lb) 112 1,120 kg (2,500 lb)
73 365 kg (800 lb) 93 650 kg (1,400 lb) 113 1,150 kg (2,500 lb)
74 375 kg (830 lb) 94 670 kg (1,500 lb) 114 1,180 kg (2,600 lb)
75 387 kg (850 lb) 95 690 kg (1,500 lb) 115 1,215 kg (2,680 lb)
76 400 kg (880 lb) 96 710 kg (1,600 lb) 116 1,250 kg (2,800 lb)
77 412 kg (910 lb) 97 730 kg (1,600 lb) 117 1,285 kg (2,830 lb)
78 425 kg (940 lb) 98 750 kg (1,700 lb) 118 1,320 kg (2,900 lb)
79 437 kg (960 lb) 99 775 kg (1,710 lb) 119 1,360 kg (3,000 lb)

Speed rating

The speed symbol is made up of a single letter or an A with one number. It indicates the maximum speed at which the tire can carry a load corresponding to its Load Index. [16]

Speed rating[17]
Code mph km/h Code mph km/h
A1 3 5 L 75 120
A2 6 10 M 81 130
A3 9 15 N 87 140
A4 12 20 P 94 150
A5 16 25 Q 100 160
A6 19 30 R 106 170
A7 22 35 S 112 180
A8 25 40 T 118 190
B 31 50 U 124 200
C 37 60 H 130 210
D 40 65 V 149 240
E 43 70 Z over 149 over 240
F 50 80 W 168 270
G 56 90 (W) over 168 over 270
J 62 100 Y 186 300
K 68 110 (Y) over 186 over 300

Prior to 1991, tire speed ratings were shown inside the tire size, before the "R" construction type. The available codes were SR (112 mph, 180 km/h), HR (130 mph, 210 km/h), VR (in excess of 130 mph, 210 km/h).

Tires with a speed rating higher than 186 mph (300 km/h) are indicated by a Y in parenthesis.[citation needed] The load rating is often included within the parenthesis, e.g. (86Y).

In many countries, the law requires that tires must be specified, and fitted, to exceed the maximum speed of the vehicle they are mounted on, with regards to their speed rating code (except for "Temporary Use" spare tires). In the some parts of the European community, tires that are not fit for a car's or motorcycle's particular maximum speed are illegal to mount. The sole exception are M+S tires, where a warning sticker stating the allowed maximum speed must be placed within clear sight of the driver inside the vehicle. Some manufacturers will install a speed governor if a vehicle is ordered with tires rated below the vehicle's maximum speed.

If a tire is replaced with a lower speed rating than originally specified by the vehicle manufacturer, then this may render the vehicle insurance invalid.[citation needed]

Rim widths

To determine the allowable range of rim widths for a specific tire size, the TRA Yearbook or the manufacturer's guide should always be consulted for that specific tire—there is no rule of thumb.[18] Running a tire on a rim size or type not approved by its manufacturer can result in tire failure and a loss of vehicle control.

Additional marks

There are numerous other markings on a typical tire, these may include:

  • M+S, or M&S: Mud and Snow; A tire that meets the Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) and Rubber Association of Canada (RAC) all-season tire definition.[19] These are all-weather tires, with self-cleaning tread and above-average traction in muddy or very light snowy conditions, and for low ambient temperatures. Spike tires have an additional letter, "E" (M+SE).
  • Mountain Snowflake Pictograph: Winter passenger and light truck tires that meet the severe snow service requirements of Rubber Manufacturers Association (RMA) and Rubber Association of Canada (RAC).[19]
  • BSW: Black SideWall
  • WSW: White SideWall
  • OWL: Outline White Lettering
  • RWL: Raised White Lettering
  • VSB: Vertical Serrated Band
  • BSL: Black Serrated Letters
  • E4: Tire approved according ECE-regulations, the number indicating the country of approval.
  • 030908: Approval number of the tire
  • DOT code: All tires for use in the USA have the DOT code, as required by the Department of Transportation (DOT). It specifies the company, factory, mold, batch, and date of production (two digits for week of the year plus two digits for year; or two digits for week of the year plus one digit for year for tires made prior to 2000). Although not law, some tire manufacturers do not suggest using a "new" tire that has been sitting on the shelf for more than six years (Ford Motor Company) or 10 years (Cooper Tire citing a tire association recommendation).[citation needed] JATMA, the Japanese Automotive Tyre Manufacturers Association recommends that all tires be inspected at five years, and all tires that were manufactured more than ten years previous be replaced.[20]
  • TL: Tubeless
  • TT: Tube-type, tire must be used with an inner-tube
  • Made in ...: Country of production
  • C: Commercial; tires for light trucks (Example: 185 R14 C)
  • B: Bias belted; tires for motorcycles (Example: 150/70 B 17 69 H)—diagonal construction with belt added under the tread
  • SFI, or Inner: Side Facing Inwards; inside of asymmetric tires
  • SFO, or Outer: Side Facing Outwards; outside of asymmetric tires
  • TWI: Tread Wear Indicator; a device, such as a triangle or a small Michelin Man icon, located where the tread meets the sidewall. It indicates the location of the raised wear bars in between the tire tread channels.
  • LL: Light Load; tires for light usage and loads
  • SL: Standard Load; tire for normal usage and loads
  • XL: eXtra Load; a tire that allows a higher inflation pressure than a Standard Load tire, which increases the tire's maximum load
  • RF: Reinforced -- for Euro-metric tires, the term 'reinforced' manes the same thing as 'Extra Load'[19]
  • Arrows: Some tread designs are "directional", and designed to perform better when driven in a specific direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise). Such tires will have an arrow showing which way the tire should rotate when the vehicle is moving forwards. It is important not to put a "clockwise" tire on the left hand side of the car or a "counter-clockwise" tire on the right side.
  • MO: Original tires for Mercedes-Benz
  • MOE: Mercedes-Benz Original Extended[19]
  • N-x: Original tires for Porsche where "x" is a "0" for the first approved in that size, "1" the second, ...[19]
  • Star: Original tires for BMW
  • RSC in a Circle: BMW Runflat System Component[19]
  • TPC: General Motors OE Fitments[19]
  • AMx: Aston Martin OE Fitments[19]
  • "100T": Commonly appears after tire size. Meaning: Standard Load Inflation Table (100) & Speed Rating (T)
  • To facilitate proper balancing, most tire manufacturers also mark red circles (uniformity) and/or yellow dots (weight) on the sidewalls of their tires to enable the best possible match-mounting of the tire/wheel assembly.[21]

Tire geometry

When referring to the purely geometrical data, a shortened form of the full notation is used. To take a common example, 195/55R16 would mean that the nominal width of the tire is approximately 195 mm at the widest point, the height of the side-wall of the tire is 55% of the width (107 mm in this example) and that the tire fits 16-inch-diameter (410 mm) wheels. The code gives a direct calculation of the theoretical diameter of the tire. For a size shown as "T/A_W" use (2×T×A/100) + (W×25.4) for a result in millimeters or (T*A/1270)+ W for a result in inches. Take the common example used above; (2×195×55/100)+(16×25.4) = 621 mm or (195×55/1270)+16 = 24.44 inches.

Less commonly used in the USA and Europe (but often in Japan for example) is a notation that indicates the full tire diameter instead of the side-wall height. To take the same example, a 16-inch wheel would have a diameter of 406 mm. Adding twice the tire height (2×107 mm) makes a total 620 mm tire diameter. Hence, a 195/55R16 tire might alternatively be labelled 195/620R16.

Whilst this is theoretically ambiguous, in practice these two notations may easily be distinguished because the height of the side-wall of an automotive tire is typically much less than the width. Hence when the height is expressed as a percentage of the width, it is almost always less than 100% (and certainly less than 200%). Conversely, vehicle tire diameters are always larger than 200 mm. Therefore, if the second number is more than 200, then it is almost certain the Japanese notation is being used—if it is less than 200 then the U.S./European notation is being used.

The diameters referred to above are the theoretical diameter of the tire. The actual diameter of a specific tire size can only be found in the TRA Yearbook or the manufacturer's data books.[22] Note that the tire's cross-section and diameter are always specified when measured on a wheel of a specified width; different widths will yield different tire dimensions.

Examples

The tires on a BMW Mini Cooper might be labeled: P195/55R16 85H

  • P — these tires are for a passenger vehicle. However 'P' denotes P metric size load and speed rating changes for P tire & non-P tires.
  • 195 — the nominal width of the tire is approximately 195 mm at the widest point
  • 55 — indicates that the height of the sidewall of the tire is 55% of the width (107 mm)
  • R — this is a radial tire
  • 16 — this tire fits 16 in (410 mm) wheels
  • 85 — the load index, a maximum of 515 kg (1,140 lb) per tire in this case
  • H — the speed index, this means the maximum permitted speed, here 210 km/h (130 mph).

The tires on a Hummer H1 might be labeled: 37X12.5R17LT

  • 37 - the tire is 37 in (940 mm) in diameter
  • 12.5 - the tire has a cross section of 12.5 in (320 mm)
  • R - this is a radial tire
  • 17 - this tire fits 17 in (430 mm) wheels
  • LT - this is a light truck tire.

Tractor tires

The numeric codes on tractor tires since 1955 have required either two or three numbers: W-D or H/W-D where 'W' is the width of the tire in inches, D is the diameter of the rim in inches and H (if provided) is the percentage height of the tire. Hence, 5.00-15 is a tire that will fit a 15-inch-diameter (380 mm) rim and is 5 in (130 mm) wide but of indeterminate height. 25/5-16 is a tire that has a 5 in (130 mm) width, fits a 16-inch-diameter (410 mm) rim and whose height is approximately 25 in (640 mm).[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ About us, European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  2. ^ Scope of the Association and Some of its History, The Tire and Rim Association. Retrieved 2010-01-04.
  3. ^ Laboratory Test Procedure for FMVSS 120, National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration, United States Department of Transportation, April 10, 2000. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  4. ^ Motor Vehicle Tire Safety Regulations SOR 95-148, Canadian Legal Information Institute. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  5. ^ Care and Maintenance - Technical, Dunlop Tires. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  6. ^ A brief history of radial tires and the offbeat TRX system, Michelin TRX, Dr. Theo Netherlands. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  7. ^ "2010 Year Book",The Tire and Rim Association, Inc.,Preface p XVII
  8. ^ "Load Range/Ply Rating Identification". http://www.tirerack.com/tires/tiretech/techpage.jsp?techid=55. Retrieved 2008-08-16. 
  9. ^ "2010 Year Book",The Tire and Rim Association, Inc.,Section 2: p 2-11
  10. ^ "Bridgestone Product Reference Guide",The Bridgestone Tire & Rubber Co.,Load and Inflation Tables: pp 33-40.
  11. ^ Guidelines for the Application on Load and Inflation Tables, Toyo Tires. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  12. ^ Guidelines for the Application on Load and Inflation Tables, Toyo Tires. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  13. ^ European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation Standards Manual 2010 G6,
  14. ^ Guidelines for the Application on Load and Inflation Tables, Toyo Tires. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
  15. ^ European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation Standards Manual 2010 G6,
  16. ^ European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation Standards Manual 2010 G6,
  17. ^ European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation Standards Manual 2010 G6,
  18. ^ "Bridgestone Product Reference Guide",The Bridgestone Tire & Rubber Co.
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h "Bridgestone Product Reference Guide",The Bridgestone Tire & Rubber Co.,Core Tire Knowledge: Glossary
  20. ^ "Bridgestone Product Reference Guide",The Bridgestone Tire & Rubber Co.,Technical Bulletins: Tire Inspection Guidelines
  21. ^ "Tire care -- Match mounting". Yokohama Tire Corporation. http://www.yokohamatire.com/customer_service/tirecare_matchmounting.aspx. 
  22. ^ "2010 Year Book",The Tire and Rim Association, Inc.
  23. ^ "FAQ's". http://www.millertire.com/FAQs.asp. Retrieved 2008-01-16. 

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