Lactational amenorrhea method

Infobox Birth control
name = Lactational amenorrhea method


width =
caption =
bc_type = Behavioral
date_first_use = Ancient
Ecological method 1971
rate_type = Failure
failure_measure = first six months
perfect_failure% = 0.5
typical_failure% = 2
duration_effect =
reversibility = 14 months (range 2-42)
user_reminders = Adherence to protocols
clinic_interval = None
STD_protection_YesNo = No
periods =
benefits = No external drugs or clinic visits required
weight_gain_loss = Loss
risks =
medical_notes =

The lactational amenorrhea method (LAM) is a method of avoiding pregnancies which is based on the natural postpartum infertility that occurs when a woman is amenorrheic and fully breastfeeding. If not combined with chemicals or devices, LAM may be considered natural birth control or natural family planning.

Breastfeeding infertility

For women who meet the criteria (listed below), LAM is 98% - 99.5% effective during the first six months postpartum. [cite web |title=Comparison of Effectiveness |work=Planned Parenthood |month=April | year=2005 |url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/birth-control-pregnancy/birth-control/effectiveness.htm |accessdate=2006-08-12, which cites:
:cite book |first=RA |last=Hatcher |coauthors=Trussel J, Stewart F, et al |year=2000 |title=Contraceptive Technology |edition=18th Edition |publisher=Ardent Media |location=New York |id=ISBN 0-9664902-6-6]
* Breastfeeding must be the infant’s only (or almost only) source of nutrition. Feeding formula, pumping instead of nursing [ReproLine "The Reading Room". [http://www.reproline.jhu.edu/english/6read/6multi/tgwg/Tgla__e.htm Lactational Amenorrhea Method] , which cites:
:cite journal |author=Zinaman M, Hughes V, Queenan J, Labbok M, Albertson B |title=Acute prolactin and oxytocin responses and milk yield to infant suckling and artificial methods of expression in lactating women. |journal=Pediatrics |volume=89 |issue=3 |pages=437–40 |year=1992 |pmid=1741218] , and feeding solids all reduce the effectiveness of LAM.
* The infant must breastfeed at least every four hours during the day and at least every six hours at night.
* The infant must be less than six months old.
* The woman must not have had a period after 56 days post-partum (when determining fertility, bleeding prior to 56 days post-partum can be ignored).

Ecological breastfeeding is a stricter form of LAM developed by Sheila Kippley, one of the founders of the Couple to Couple League. Studies have shown it has a 1% failure rate in the first six months postpartum, and a 6% failure rate before the woman’s first postpartum menstruation. [cite journal | author=Sheila K. and John F. Kippley | title= The relation between breastfeeding and amenorrhea | journal=Journal of obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal nursing | date=November-December 1972 | volume=1 | issue=4 | pages= 15–21 | pmid=4485271 ] [cite journal | author=Sheila Kippley | title= Breastfeeding survey results similar to 1971 study | journal=The CCL News | date=November-December 1986 and January-February 1987 | volume=13 | issue=3 | pages=10 | url=http://ccli.org/nfp/ebf/spacebabies.php and 13(4): 5.] The Seven Standards of ecological breastfeeding are slightly different from the LAM criteria:
* Breastfeeding must be the infant’s only source of nutrition – no formula, no pumping, and (if the infant is less than six months old) no solids.
* The infant must be pacified at the breast, not with pacifiers or bottles
* The infant must be breastfed often. The standards for LAM are a bare minimum; more frequency is better. Scheduling of feedings should be avoided.
* Mothers must sleep with their infants – in the same room, if not in the same bed.
* Mothers must not be separated from their infants for more than three hours a day.
* Mothers must take daily naps with their infants.
* The woman must not have had a period after 56 days post-partum (bleeding prior to 56 days post-partum can be ignored).

Return of fertility

Return of menstruation following childbirth varies widely between individuals. The closer a woman's behavior is to the Seven Standards of ecological breastfeeding, the later (on average) her cycles will return. Average return of menses for women following all seven criteria is 14 months, with some reports as soon as 2 months and others as late as 42 months.

Although the first post-partum cycle is sometimes anovulatory (this reduces the likelihood of becoming pregnant again before having a post-partum period), subsequent cycles are almost always ovulatory and therefore must be considered fertile. However, some women find that breastfeeding interferes with fertility even after ovulation has resumed. Luteal phases too short to sustain pregnancy are a common example.

Couples who desire spacing of 18 to 30 months between children can often achieve this through breastfeeding alone.

Further reading

* Kippley, Sheila. "Breastfeeding and Natural Child Spacing: How Ecological Breastfeeding Spaces Babies." Cincinnati: Couple to Couple League International, 1999. ISBN 0-926412-20-5

Footnotes