Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1

Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1 is a famous chess game in which a computer played against a human being. It was the first game played in the 1996 Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov match, and the first time that a chess-playing computer defeated a reigning world champion under normal chess tournament conditions (in particular, normal time controls).

Overview

Deep Blue was a computer developed by IBM to beat grandmaster Garry Kasparov, the top chess player in the world at the time according to Elo ratings. Playing White, Deep Blue won this first game in the match on February 10 1996 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Kasparov rebounded over the next five games, winning three and drawing two, to soundly beat the machine in the 1996 match.

Game details

The move-by-move details of the game are described below, intermixed with typical commentary by chess experts from various references.

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White: Deep Blue
Black: Kasparov
Opening: Sicilian Defense, B22
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The position after 10. ... Bb4

1. e4 c5 2. c3:It is more common to play 2. Nf3, but Kasparov has deep experience with that line, so White's opening book goes in a different direction.

2..... d5 3. exd5 Qxd5 4. d4 Nf6 5. Nf3 Bg4 6. Be2 e6 7. h3 Bh5 8. O-O Nc6 9. Be3 cxd4 10. cxd4 Bb4:A more common move here is Be7. This was a new approach by Kasparov, developing the bishop in an unusual way. The merit of the new move is debated. After this move, the computer left its opening book and began calculating its next move.

11. a3 Ba5 12. Nc3 Qd6 13. Nb5 Qe7:Some would claim Qe7 is a dubious move because it supposedly "allows White to make its pieces more active." This itself is a dubious claim. Extensive human and computer analysis suggests that Qe7 in isolation is a close equivalent to Qb8 and Qd5, and parity is maintained with Qe7 as played in this game up until 17.... Bb6. One possible line which possibly maintains parity even further is 13.... Qe7 14. Ne5 Bxe2 15. Qxe2 O-O 16. Rac1 Rac8 17. Bg5 Rfd8 18. Bxf6 gxf6 19. Nc4 a6 20. Nxa5 .... Alternatively, Qd5 and Qb8 can also maintain parity with the following: 13.... Qd5 14. Nc3 Qd6 15. Bg5 Rd8 16. Qa4 O-O 17. Rad1 Bxf3 18. Bxf3 Bc7 19. g3 Nxd4 20. Bxb7 .... and 13.... Qb8 14. Ne5 Bxe2 15. Qxe2 a6 16. Nc3 O-O 17. Nxc6 bxc6 18. Rac1 Rc8 19. Na4 Bc7 20. Nc5 ....

14. Ne5! Bxe2 15. Qxe2 O-O 16. Rac1 Rac8 17. Bg5:Black now has a problem, especially with the pinned knight on f6.

17.... Bb6 18. Bxf6 gxf6:Kasparov avoids ... Qxf6? because White would gain material with 19. Nd7. Note that Kasparov's king is now far more exposed.

19. Nc4! Rfd8 20. Nxb6! axb6 21. Rfd1 f5 22. Qe3!:This is an excellent place for White's queen.

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The position after 22. ... Qf6

22... Qf6 23. d5!:This type of pawn sacrifice is typical of Kasparov's style of play. Indeed, Kasparov commented that he might have played 23. d5 himself in this position, since it hurts Black's pawn structure and opens up the board, and Black's exposed king suggests that there is probably a way to exploit the result. Kasparov has been attacking White's d-pawn, and the computer wisely decides to advance it for an attack instead of trying to defend it.

23... Rxd5 24. Rxd5 exd5 25. b3! Kh8?:Kasparov attempts to prepare a counter-attack by preparing to move his rook to the g file, but it will not work. Burgess suggests that 25.... Ne7 Rxc8+ would have been better, though White would still have some advantage. Indeed, after this point it is difficult to identify any move that will dramatically help Black.

26. Qxb6 Rg8 27. Qc5 d4 28. Nd6 f4 29. Nxb7:This is a very materialistic move, typical of computers; White grabs an undeveloped pawn for a small gain in material. However, Deep Blue has not identified any threat of checkmate from Black, so it simply acquires the material.

29.... Ne5 30. Qd5:30. Qxd4?? would lose to 30... Nf3+.

30.... f3 31. g3 Nd3:The move 31... Qf4 won't work, because of 32. Rc8! Qg5 33. Rc5!

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The final position

32. Rc7 Re8:Kasparov is attacking, but the computer has correctly determined that the attack is not a real threat.

33. Nd6 Re1+ 34. Kh2 Nxf2 35. Nxf7+ Kg7 36. Ng5+ Kh6 37. Rxh7+ 1-0:After 37.... Kg6 38. Qg8+ Kf5 39. Nxf3, Black cannot meet the simultaneous threats of 40. Nxe1, 40. Rf7 and 40. Qd5+. Kasparov resigned.

References

*Burgess, Graham, John Nunn, and John Emms. "The Mammoth Book of the World's Greatest Chess Games". 1998. New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers, Inc. ISBN 0-7867-0587-6.
*Eade, James. "Chess for Dummies". 1996. Foster City, CA: IDG Books Worldwide, Inc. ISBN 0-7645-5003-9.
*Wheeler, David A. Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1. http://www.dwheeler.com/misc/deepblue-kasparov.txt (in Portable Game Notation)
* [http://www.bobby-fischer.net/Garry_Kasparov_vs_Deep_Blue_1996_games.html Game 1 and the other games from 1996]
* [http://www.research.ibm.com/deepblue/watch/html/c.10.1.html Deep Blue opens the match with a victory] (IBM.com)
* [http://www.chessmaniac.com/Games/MyChessViewer/Deep_Blue.htm View all the games in the match verse Deep Blue.]