Pillory

The pillory was a device used in punishment by public humiliation and often additional, sometimes lethal, physical abuse.

The word is documented in English since 1274 (attested in Anglo-Latin from c.1189), and stems from Old French "pellori" (1168; modern French "pilori", see below), itself from Medieval Latin "pilloria", of uncertain origin, perhaps a diminutive of Latin "pila" "pillar, stone barrier."

Description

Rather like the lesser punishment called the stocks, the pillory consisted of hinged wooden boards that formed holes through which the head and/or various limbs were inserted; then the boards were locked together to secure the captive. Pillories were set up in marketplaces and crossroads to hold petty criminals. Often a placecard detailing the crime was placed nearby; these punishments generally lasted only a few hours.

Time in the pillory was more dangerous than in the stocks, as the pillory forced the malfeasant to remain standing and exposed.

A criminal in the stocks would expect to be abused, but his life was not targeted. A prisoner in the pillory would be presumed to have committed a more serious crime and accordingly get a more angry crowd reaction. With hands trapped, he could not protect himself from anything thrown at him, either harmless items like rotten food or injurious ones, even heavy stones: blinding, permanent maiming or death could be the consequences. The criminal could also be sentenced to further punishments while in the pillory: humiliation by shaving off some or all of the hair, or regular corporal punishment(s), notably flagellation (the pillory serving as the whipping post), birching, caning or even permanent mutilation such as branding, or having an ear cut off.

Uses in Europe and European colonies

The pillory was formally abolished as a form of punishment in England and Wales in 1837 but the stocks remained in use, albeit extremely infrequently, until 1872.

In France, time in the "pilori" was usually limited to two hours. It was replaced in 1789 by "exposition", and abolished in 1848. Two types of device were used:
* The "poteau" (another French term) was a simple post, often with a board around only the neck, and was synonymous with the mode of punishment. This was the same as the "schandpaal" ("shamepole") in Dutch. The "carcan", an iron ring around the neck to tie a prisoner to such a post, was the name of a similar punishment that was abolished in 1832. A criminal convicted to serve time in a prison or galleys would, prior to his incarceration, be attached for two to six hours (depending on whether he was convicted to prison or the galleys) to the "carcan", with his name, crime and sentence written on a board over his head.
* A permanent small tower, the upper floor of which had a ring made of wood or iron with holes for the victim's head and arms, which was often on a turntable to expose the condemned to all parts of the crowd.

Like other permanent apparatus for corporal punishment, the pillory was often placed prominently and constructed more elaborately than necessary. It served as a symbol of the power of the judicial authorities, and its continual presence was seen as a deterrent, like permanent gallows for authorities endowed with high justice.

In Portugal several "pelourinho"s, typically on the main square and/or in front of a major church or palace, are now counted among the major local monuments, several clearly bearing the emblems of a king or queen. The same is true of its former colonies, notably in Brazil (in its former capital, Salvador de Bahia, the whole old quarter is known as Pelourinho) and Africa (e.g. Cape Verde's capital Cidade Velha), always as symbols of royal power.

In Spain its name was "Picota".

The pillory was also in common use in other western countries and colonies, and similar devices were used in other, non-Western cultures.

imilar humiliation devices

*There even was a variant (rather of the stocks type, in fact), called barrel pillory or "Spanish mantle", to punish drunks, which is reported in England and among its troops. It fitted over the entire body, with the head sticking out from a hole in the top. The criminal is put in either an enclosed barrel, forcing him to kneel in his own filth, or an open barrel, also known as "barrel shirt" or "drunkards collar" after the punishable crime, leaving him to roam about town or military camp and be ridiculed and scorned. (Note that the expression over a barrel refers to a timber barrel being used as an alternative to the whipping post, but which the punishee has to bend over, like a punishment horse, so physical pain is more prominent than public humiliation).( [http://turandot.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/Artworks.php?CF=28 see images of barrels and other stocks as used in imperial China] )
* Although a pillory, by its physical nature, was a perfect choice to double as a whipping post to tie a criminal down for public flagellation (as used to be the case in many German sentences to staupenschlag), the two as such are separate punishments: the pillory is a sentence to public humiliation, whipping an essentially painful corporal punishment that could be administered anywhere, (semi-)publicly or not, often in prison; if a pole or more elaborate construction is erected, temporary or permanent, often on a scaffolding, for lashings, as in a few southern US prisons until the 1960s, the correct term is whipping post - however, sometimes a construction combines the two: display at the upper storey above a pole used to tie the victims to, as illustrated in this link on [http://www.corpun.com/books5.htm Delaware prison flogging] .

When permanently present in sight of prisoners, it can act as a deterrent for bad behaviour, especially when each prisoner had been subjected to a "welcome beating" at arrival, as in 18th century Waldheim in Saxony (12, 18 or 24 whip lashes on the bare posterior tied to a pole in the castle courtyard, or by birch rod over the "bock", a bench in the corner).
* Still a different penal use of such constructions is to tie the criminal down, possibly after a beating, to expose him for a long time to the elements, usually without food and drink, even to the point of starvation.

Cases

*Peter Annet
*Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald
*Elizabeth Needham
*Cultural revolution in China
*Cangue

Legacy

While the pillory has left common use, the image remains preserved in the figurative use, which has become the dominant one, of the verb to pillory (attested in English since 1600), meaning 'to expose to public ridicule, scorn and abuse', or more generally to humiliate before witnesses, e.g. in class.

Corresponding expressions exist in other languages, e.g. "clouer au pillori" "to nail to the pillory" in French, or "mettere alla gogna" in Italian, which in Dutch is "aan de schandpaal nagelen", placing even greater emphasis on the predominantly humiliating character as the Dutch word for pillory, "schandpaal", literally meaning 'pole of shame'.

References

* [http://www.corpun.com/dejur1.htm CORPUN website on various corporal punishments]
* [http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=pillory&searchmode=none Etymology OnLine]
* [http://dictionary.reference.com/search?q=pillory Dictionary.com]