Natural computation

Natural computation, also called natural computing, is the field of research that works with computational techniques inspired in part by nature and natural systems. The aim of such research is to develop new computational tools (in software, hardware or wetware) for solving complex, usually conventionally-hard problems. This often leads to the synthesis of natural patterns, behaviors and organisms, and may result in the design of novel computing systems that use natural media with which to compute.

Natural computing can be divided into three main branches:
# Computing inspired by nature (also called biologically inspired computing): This makes use of nature as inspiration for the development of problem solving techniques. The main idea of this branch is to develop computational tools (algorithms) by taking inspiration from nature for the solution of complex problems;
# The simulation and emulation of nature by means of computing: This is basically a synthetic process aimed at creating patterns, forms, behaviors, and organisms that (do not necessarily) resemble ‘life-as-we-know-it’. Its products can be used to mimic various natural phenomena, thus increasing our understanding of nature and insights about computer models; and
# Computing with natural materials: This corresponds to the use of natural materials to perform computation, thus constituting a true novel computing paradigm that comes to substitute or supplement the current silicon-based computers.

The academic journals of record in this field are "Natural Computing" and "IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation".

Techniques

# Computing inspired by nature:
#* Evolutionary computation
#* Neural networks
#* Artificial immune systems
#* Swarm intelligence
# Simulation and emulation of nature by means of computing
#* Fractal geometry
#* Artificial life
# Computing with natural materials
#* DNA computing
#* Quantum computing
#* [http://www.cs.ubbcluj.ro/~moltean/optical Optical computing for NP-complete problems]

Further reading

* de Castro, L. N. Fundamentals of Natural Computing: An Overview, Physics of Life Reviews, vol. 4, n. 1, pp. 1-36, 2007.
* [http://lsin.unisantos.br/lvcon_en/ de Castro, L. N. Fundamentals of Natural Computing: Basic Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications. Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2006]

There are several leading research centres in nature inspired computation. Some of those are listed below.
* [http://www.hpl.hp.com/research/bicas/ BICAS] HP Labs, Bristol UK
* [http://www.lcnc.nl/ Leiden Center for Natural Computation] Leiden, The Netherlands
* [http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/labs/natural_computation/ Natural Computation Research] University of Birmingham, Birmingham UK
** [http://www.cercia.ac.uk CERCIA] Industry-focused Natural Computation research and development centre.
* [http://ncra.ucd.ie NCRA] UCD, Dublin Ireland